Fig. 2.

Timeline of endothelial phenotypes after myocardial infarction. Endothelial cells transiently respond and adapt to changes in the cardiac microenvironment. After the first wave of cell death, which occurs in obstructive and infarcted areas, the partial O₂ decreases, leading to the onset of hypoxia. Later, cells induce glycolytic genes, which favors plastic phenotypes such as endothelial-to-mesenchymal activation (EndMA). Recently, the emergence of this mesenchymal phenotype has been associated with clonal expansion and proliferation. Endothelial activation and inflammatory signaling can be seen in multiple phases after myocardial infarction, as the endothelium interacts and responds to innate and adaptive immune reactions