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. 2022 Jul 14;12:281. doi: 10.1038/s41398-022-02028-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Common characteristics across classically defined mental health disorders were used to determine grouped categories. Highly prevalent comorbidities between mental disorders are related by double-headed arrows illustrating the bifacial nature of each comorbid relationship [140–157]. ADHD Attention deficiency and hyperactivity disorder, ASD autism spectrum disorder, TS Tourette syndrome, BD Bipolar disorder, SCZ schizophrenia spectrum disorder, MDD major depressive disorder, AXD anxiety disorders, AD Alzheimer’s disease.