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. 2022 Jul 15;77:102867. doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2022.102867

Table 3.

Digital access and COVID-19 outcomes, January 2022.

Dependent Variable Cases per 100,000 people
Deaths per 100,000 people
Full vaccination series per 100 people
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
% No Internet 4541*** (1484) 190.8*** (42.47) −4.064 (3.048)
% No computer 1604 (1913) 144.6*** (54.74) −7.179* (3.917)
% Broadband −1053 (1292) −93.83** (36.94) 5.481** (2.638)
Case rate (t – 1) 0.011*** (0.001) 0.012*** (0.001) 0.012*** (0.001) 0.000*** (0.000) 0.000*** (0.000) 0.000*** (0.000)
Full vaccination rate (t – 1) 108.9*** (8.913) 108.5*** (8.927) 108.6*** (8.932) −0.429* (0.259) −0.444* (0.260) −0.437* (0.260)
Population density (logged) 649.7*** (72.96) 603.0*** (71.94) 604.6*** (72.46) 12.47*** (2.108) 11.04*** (2.079) 11.16*** (2.092) −0.427*** (0.152) −0.428*** (0.149) −0.444*** (0.150)
% Under 18 −1943 (2767) −1238 (2776) −1190 (2770) 646.5*** (79.09) 661.2*** (79.40) 665.8*** (79.23) 3.760 (5.698) 4.269 (5.708) 4.232 (5.692)
% 65 and over −31992*** (2439) −31826*** (2447) −31790*** (2445) 1024*** (71.65) 1027*** (71.95) 1031*** (71.85) 51.03*** (5.058) 51.43*** (5.066) 51.29*** (5.057)
% Black 3586*** (933.8) 3900*** (929.3) 3899*** (929.5) 148.1*** (26.75) 158.6*** (26.65) 158.4*** (26.66) −25.75*** (1.859) −25.85*** (1.846) −25.78*** (1.848)
% Hispanic 6075*** (792.2) 6324*** (789.0) 6293*** (790.1) 40.13* (22.93) 49.76** (22.87) 46.81** (22.91) 3.245** (1.642) 3.039* (1.635) 3.214** (1.637)
% Renter 2177* (1223) 1492 (1208) 1496 (1210) −15.43 (34.97) −36.85 (34.56) −36.642 (34.606) 2.736 (2.509) 2.803 (2.472) 2.652 (2.476)
Poverty rate 1183 (2354) 1741 (2379) 1741 (2381) 190.0*** (67.26) 195.5*** (68.02) 195.8*** (68.10) −3.067 (4.840) −2.251 (4.882) −1.972 (4.887)
% Democrat votes −14924*** (981.2) −14849*** (984.2) −14853*** (984.7) −162.2*** (29.79) −160.1*** (29.89) −159.8*** (29.89) 64.27*** (1.798) 64.37*** (1.800) 64.38*** (1.798)
Median income (logged) −3248*** (730.0) −3904*** (702.1) −3901*** (704.1) −95.97*** (21.00) −116.6*** (20.26) −116.3*** (20.33) 10.66*** (1.513) 10.77*** (1.453) 10.64*** (1.457)
Intercept 58863*** (8420) 66823*** (8050) 67774*** (7871) 794.7*** (243.8) 1047*** (234.1) 1131*** (229.4) −101.3*** (17.56) −102.8*** (16.79) −106.5*** (16.42)
N 3093 3093 3093 3093 3093 3093 3084 3084 3084
R Squared 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.54 0.54 0.53 0.65 0.65 0.65

***: p < 0.01; **: p < 0.05; *: p < 0.1. All models include state fixed effects. Figures in parentheses are standard errors.