Table 4.
Spatial regression models on digital access and COVID-19 outcomes.
| DV | IV | March 2020 | August 2020 | February 2021 | August 2021 | January 2022 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case rate | Spatial lag | % No Internet | 23.70*** (8.05) | 1910*** (350.8) | 4059*** (851.6) | 4937*** (995.4) | 4153*** (1269) |
| % No computer | 20.16* (10.33) | 2408*** (451.2) | 4249*** (1097) | 3173** (1255) | 1130 (−)a | ||
| % Broadband | −17.49** (6.97) | −1518*** (304.5) | −2052*** (741.5) | −2249*** (858.5) | −902.1 (843.4) | ||
| Spatial error | % No Internet | 29.66*** (8.64) | 1990*** (370.1) | 4507*** (902.3) | 5243*** (1052) | 4093*** (1497) | |
| % No computer | 24.64** (11.03) | 2398*** (473.9) | 4067*** (1157) | 3055** (1316) | 301.1 (1919) | ||
| % Broadband | −22.23*** (7.47) | −1493*** (320.8) | −2070*** (783.9) | −1995** (903.0) | −167.2 (1297) | ||
| Death rate | Spatial lag | % No Internet | −0.863 (0.607) | 32.73** (12.82) | 129.12*** (32.11) | 185.01*** (36.11) | 208.4*** (40.67) |
| % No computer | −0.574 (0.780) | 6.235 (16.49) | 98.83** (41.39) | 153.18*** (45.41) | 150.3*** (52.46) | ||
| % Broadband | 0.661 (0.526) | −3.424 (11.13) | −82.37*** (27.88) | −117.44*** (31.03) | −101.8*** (35.34) | ||
| Spatial error | % No Internet | −0.796 (0.629) | 34.81** (13.71) | 128.26*** (33.72) | 187.34*** (38.06) | 209.3*** (42.97) | |
| % No computer | −0.496 (0.806) | 6.86 (17.59) | 98.52** (43.28) | 154.59*** (47.57) | 151.7*** (55.13) | ||
| % Broadband | 0.563 (0.544) | −3.03 (11.88) | −79.56*** (29.21) | −113.29*** (32.57) | −99.59*** (37.23) | ||
| February 2021 | April 2021 | August 2021 | January 2022 | ||||
| Full vaccination rate | Spatial lag | % No Internet | −0.355 (1.051) | −7.638*** (2.147) | −8.933*** (3.157) | −6.904** (2.918) | |
| % No computer | 1.275 (1.352) | −7.953*** (2.764) | −9.172** (3.960) | −9.503** (3.746) | |||
| % Broadband | 0.894 (0.910) | 6.606*** (1.860) | 8.371*** (2.705) | 7.233*** (2.523) | |||
| Spatial error | % No Internet | −0.171 (1.119) | −7.194*** (2.289) | −7.082** (3.386) | −4.683 (3.104) | ||
| % No computer | 1.881 (1.429) | −7.015** (2.926) | −7.220* (4.210) | −7.608* (3.972) | |||
| % Broadband | 0.906 (0.965) | 6.728*** (1.975) | 7.469*** (2.883) | 5.985** (2.680) |
***: p < 0.01; **: p < 0.05; *: p < 0.1. All models include state fixed effects. Figures in parentheses are standard errors.
a
This model needs a smaller tol.solve parameter in the lagsarlm function to obtain the standard error for % no computer. The coefficient is not statistically significant. To keep the results in Table 4 consistent, here the coefficient using the same tol.solve value as other models is reported without a standard error.