Table 1.

Summary of co-cultured organoids developed for the study of host-microbe interactions in various organs. Abbreviation: Severe acute respiratory syndrom-coronavirus-2, SARS-CoV-2.

Organ	Origin	Model	Microbe	Ref
Intestine	Mouse	Microinjection	Salmonella	[64]
			Cryptosporidium parvum	[164]
		Suspension	Rotavirus	[19]
			Influenza virus	[33]
			Salmonella	[67]
			Lactobacillus	[73,76,77]
		Monolayer	Toxoplasma gondii	[84]
			Giardia duodenalis	[84]
	Human	Microinjection	Salmonella	[22,65,66]
			Clostridium difficile	[23,68]
			Escherichia coli	[24,28,74,78]
			Lactobacillus	[72]
		Suspension	Rotavirus	[59,60]
			Reovirus	[62]
			Lactobacillus	[75]
			Escherichia coli	[75]
		Monolayer	Salmonella	[44]
			Norovirus	[61]
			Escherichia coli	[79]
Colon	Mouse	Microinjection	Salmonella	[85]
	Human	Suspension	Lactobacillus	[89]
		Monolayer	Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron	[42]
			Escherichia coli	[43,47]
			Bifidobacterium adolescentis	[48]
			Bacteroides fragilis	[48]
			Clostridium butyricum	[48]
			Akkermansia muciniphila	[48]
Liver	Human	Suspension	Hepatitis B virus	[94,95]
		Monolayer	Hepatitis E virus	[92]
Stomach	Mouse	Microinjection	Helicobacter pylori	[100,101,103]
	Human	Microinjection	Helicobacter pylori	[98,99]
		Suspension	Helicobacter pylori	[102]
		Monolayer	SARS-CoV-2	[45]
			Epstein-Barr virus	[46]
Gallbladder	Mouse	Suspension	Salmonella	[35]
		Monolayer	Salmonella	[105]
Lung	Human	Microinjection	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	[108]
			Mycobacterium abscessus	[108]
			Human parainfluenza virus type 3	[111]
			Respiratory syncytial virus	[113]
			Aspergillus fumigatus	[126]
			Cryptosporidium parvum	[163,164]
		Suspension	Respiratory syncytial virus	[115]
			SARS-CoV-2	[118,119,122]
		Monolayer	Influenza A virus	[117]
			SARS-CoV-2	[120]
Brain	Human	Suspension	Zika virus	[25,34,128,129,131,132,135]
			Human immunodeficiency virus	[136]
			Herpes simplex virus	[137]
			Toxoplasma gondii	[139]
Fallopian tube	Mouse	Suspension	Chlamydia trachomatis	[145]
	Human	Monolayer	Chlamydia trachomatis	[140]
Cervix	Human	Suspension	Chlamydia trachomatis	[149]
Kidney	Human	Suspension	SARS-CoV-2	[18,36,155]
			BK-virus	[152]
		Monolayer	SARS-CoV-2	[154]
Blood vessel	Human	Suspension	SARS-CoV-2	[155]
Tonsil	Human	Suspension	SARS-CoV-2	[166]
Eye	Human	Suspension	SARS-CoV-2	[167]
Oral	Human	Suspension	Herpes simplex virus	[150]
			Human papillomavirus	[150]