FIGURE 2.

Schematic illustration showcasing strategies for lignin modifications in plants. Conventional approaches, including genetic modification of lignin through overexpression, silencing, or knockout of core or non-core lignin biosynthetic genes under constitutive promoters, often lead to undesirable phenotypes, such as lodging, dwarfing, and leaf curling. Precision genetic modification approaches utiliziong spatio-temporal specific promoters and post-transcriptional regulators have shown promise for overcoming the adverse side-effects of conventional approaches. CRISPR/Cas9 based genome editing technique are also anticipated to offer more flexibility in targeted engineering of lignification patterns in plants.