Table 3.

Animal models for biomimicking artificial periosteum evaluation.

Animal models		Species	Applications	Pros	Cons	Ref.
Bone defect models	Critical sized calvarial defect	Rat, mouse	Artificial periosteal alone for defect coverage	Easy to conduct, high throughout, save time and cost	Damage to the brain, hard to represent clinical conditions	[123,127]
	Femur/tibia bone defect	Rabbit, ovine, rat, sheep	Bone grafting with artificial periosteum	Closer to the clinical practices, biomechanics evaluation	Complicated surgical procedures, careful selection of bone grafting	[72,[128], [129], [130]]
Bone fracture models	Femoral fracture model	Rat, rabbit	Artificial periosteal alone with fixation	Evaluation of osteointegration	Complicated surgical procedures	[36,131]