Table 1.
Summary of the functional components mediating therapeutic effect of native exosomes in OA and IVDD and the pathway regulated by each functional component.
| Function of native exosomes | Cell sources | Function components | Regulatory pathways | Rf |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exosomes for OA | ||||
| Promotion of cells proliferation and migration | hESCs-MSCs | CD73 | AKT and ERK signalling activation | [28] |
| BMSCs | miR-136-5p | E74-like factor 3 | [30] | |
| hUC-MSCs | LncRNA H19 | unmentioned | [31] | |
| hMSCs | LncRNA-KLF3-AS1 | miR-206/GIT1 axis | [34] | |
| Chondrogenic induction | Chondrocytes | miR-8485 | Wnt/beta-catenin pathways | [36] |
| Anti-inflammation | hESCs-MSCs, BMSCs | unmentioned | Increased M2 macrophages, decreased M1 macrophages | [28,39] |
| BMSCs | LncRNA LYRM4-AS1 | GRPR-miR-6515-5p | [42] | |
| Apoptosis inhibition | IPFP-MSCs | miR-100-5p | mTOR-autophagy pathway inhibition | [43] |
| hMSCs | LncRNA-KLF3-AS1 | miR-206/GIT1 axis | [34] | |
| Mitochondrial refunction | BMSCs | unmentioned | p38, ERK, and Akt pathways | [46] |
| Exosomes for IVDD | ||||
| NPCs proliferation and antisenescence | USCs | matrilin-3 | TGF-β activation | [69] |
| Stem cells migration and differentiation | CESCs | unmentioned | HIF-1α/Wnt signaling activation | [70] |
| Refunction of cartilage endplate | CESCs | unmentioned | PI3K/AKT/autophagy pathway activation | [72] |
| MSCs | miR-31-5p | ATF6-related endoplasmic reticulum stress regulation | [73] | |
| Anti-inflammation | MSCs | unmentioned | NLRP3 inflammasome reduction | [78] |
| Anti-pyroptosis | MSCs | miR-410 | NLRP3 pathway suppression | [79] |
| hucMSC | miR-26a-5p | METTL14/NLRP3 pathway | [81] | |
| Anti-apoptosis | MSCs | miR-21 | PTEN-PI3K-Akt pathway silencing | [82] |
| MSCs | miR-142-3p | MAPK signaling pathway suppression | [83] | |
| BMSCs, USCs | AKT and ERK signaling activation | [84,85] | ||
| Anti-angiogenesis | NCs | miR-140-5p | Wnt/β-catenin pathway | [87] |
Abbreviation: OA, osteoarthritis; MSCs, mesenchymal stem cells, hESCs-MSCs, human embryonic stem cell-derived MSCs, hUC-MSCs, human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells; BMSCs, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells; IPFP-MSCs, infrapatellar fat pad MSCs; IVDD, intervertebral disc degeneration; USCs, human urine-derived stem cells; CESCs, cartilage endplate stem cells; hucMSCs, human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells; NCs, notochordal cells.