Table 2.
Summary of bioactive materials utilized to deliver exosomes in osteoarthritis and intervertebral disc degeneration.
| Bioactive materials | Exosomes derived | Usage method | Application | In vitro | In vivo | Rf |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gel-nano hydrogel | hUC-MSCs | injection | OA | BMSCs/chondrocytes | rat | [63] |
| HA-NB hydrogel | hiPSC-MSCs | injection | OA | BMSCs/chondrocytes | rabbit | [64] |
| AD-CS-RSF hydrogel | BMSCs | injection | OA | BMSCs | rat | [32] |
| Triblock copolymer gel | SMSCs | injection | OA | chondrocytes | rat | [55] |
| aECM hydrogel | ADSC | injection | IVDD | NPCs | rat | [92] |
| ACECM scaffold | hWJMSCs | implantation | OA | BMSCs/chondrocytes | rabbit | [33] |
| ECM/GelMA scaffold | BMSCs | implantation | OA | chondrocytes | rabbit | [45] |
| HA | hESCs-MSCs | injection | OA | / | rabbit/pig | [65,66] |
Gel-nano, Gelma/nanoclay; hUC-MSCs, human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells; OA, osteoarthritis; HA-NB, o-nitrobenzyl alcohol moieties modified hyaluronic acids, hiPSC-MSCs, human induced pluripotent stem cells-derived MSCs; AD-CS-RSF, alginate-dopamine, chondroitin sulfate, and regenerated silk fibroin; SMSCs, synovium mesenchymal stem cells; ADSC, adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell; IVDD, intervertebral disc degeneration; NPCs, nucleus pulposus cells; aECM, acellular extracellular matrix; ACECM, acellular cartilage extracellular matrix; hWJMSCs, human Wharton’s jelly-derived MSCs; GelMA, gelatin methacrylate; HA, hyaluronic acid; hESCs-MSCs, human embryonic stem cell-derived MSCs.