TABLE 1.

List of tRNA identity elements and their location on tRNA for aminoacylation by AARS from E. coli. Identity elements for fMet are provided in italics and bold.

AARS	Identity element location				References
	Acceptor stem	Anticodon arm		Other domains (d-arm/T-arm/variable arm)
		Anticodon	Other location
Alanine	A73,			G20	Hou and Schimmel, 1988; McClain and Foss, 1988a; Francklyn et al., 1992
	G2:C71,
	G3:U70,
	G4:C69
Arginine	A/G73	C35, U/G36		A20	McClain and Foss, 1988b; Schulman and Pelka, 1989; McClain et al., 1990; Tamura et al., 1992
Asparagine	G73	G34, U35, U36			Shimizu et al., 1992; Li et al., 1993
Aspartic acid	G73,	G34, U35, C36,	C38	G10	Hasegawa et al., 1989; Nameki et al., 1992
	G2:C71
Cysteine	U73,	G34, C35, A36		G15: G48,	Pallanck et al., 1992; Shimizu et al., 1992; Hou et al., 1993; McClain, 1993; Komatsoulis and Abelson, 1993; Hamann and Hou, 1997
	G2:C71,			A13:A22
	C3:G70
Glutamine	G73,	C/T34, U35, G36	A37, U38	G10	Rogers and Söll, 1988; Jahn et al., 1991; Hayase et al., 1992; Ibba et al., 1996
	U1:A72,
	G2:C71,
	G3:C70
Glutamic acid	G1:C72,	U34, U35,	A37	U11:A24, U13:G22-A46, 47	Normanly et al., 1990; Sylvers et al., 1993; Gregory and Dahlberg, 1995; Sekine et al., 1996
	U2:A71
Glycine	U73,	C35, C36			Shimizu et al., 1992; Francklyn et al., 1992; McClain et al., 1991
	G1:C72,
	C2:G71,
	G3:C70
Histidine	C73,	Anticodon			Shimizu et al., 1992; Francklyn et al., 1992; Himeno et al., 1989; Francklyn and Schimmel, 1990; Yan and Francklyn, 1994; Yan et al., 1996
	G1
Isoleucine	A73,	G34, A35, U36	A37, A38	U12:A23, C29:G41	Pallanck and Schulman, 1991; Muramatsu et al., 1988; Nureki et al., 1993; Nureki et al., 1994
	C4:G
	69
Leucine	A73			U8:A14	Normanly et al., 1992; Asahara et al., 1993
Lysine	A73	U34, U35, U36			Normanly et al., 1990; McClain et al., 1990; Tamura et al., 1992
Methionine fmet	A73,	C34, A35, U36	C32, U33, A37		Uemura et al., 1982; Schulman and Pelka, 1988; Meinnel et al., 1993; Lee et al., 1992
	U4:A69,
	A5:U68
	G2:C71,
	C3:G70
Phenylalanine	A73	G34, A35, A36	G27:C43,	U20, G44, U45, U59, U60	Pallanck and Schulman, 1991; McClain and Foss, 1988c; Peterson et al., 1993; Peterson and Uhlenbeck, 1992
			G28:C42
Proline	A73, G72	G35, G36		G15:C48	Shimizu et al., 1992; McClain et al., 1994; Liu et al., 1995
Serine	G73,			C11:G24 (variable arm)	Normanly et al., 1992; Himeno et al., 1990; Rogers and Söll, 1988; Normanly et al., 1986; Sampson and Saks, 1993; Asahara et al., 1994; Saks and Sampson, 1996
	C72,
	G2:C71,
	A3:U70,
	C11:G24, G/A4:T/C69
Threonine	G1:C72,	G34, G35, U36			Schulman and Pelka, 1990; Hasegawa et al., 1992
	C2:G71
Tryptophan	G73,	C34, C35, A36			Himeno et al., 1991; Pak et al., 1992; Rogers et al., 1992
	A1:U72,
	G2:C71,
	G3:C70
Tyrosine	A73	U35			Hou and Schimmel, 1989; Bedouelle, 1990; Himeno et al., 1990; Sherman et al., 1992
Valine	A73,	A35, C36			Chu and Horowitz, 1991; Tamura et al., 1991; Pallanck and Schulman, 1991
	G3:C70,
	U4:A69