TABLE 2.
Sources of shikonin around the world.
| S. No. | Region | Continent | Name of plants | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Region-1 | North and South America | Echium plantagineum L. | Piggin (1978) |
| Lithospermum canescens (Michx.) Lehm. | Pietrosiuk and Wiedenfeld (2005) | |||
| Lithospermum officinale L. | Winterhoff (1993) | |||
| 2 | Region-2 | Asia | Arnebia Decumbens (Ventenat) Cosson&Kralik | Afzal and Al-Oriqat (1986) |
| Arnebia hispidissima (Lehm.) | El-Sayed (2010) | |||
| Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Johnst | Kumar et al. (2021) | |||
| Arnebia guttata Bunge | Song et al. (2019) | |||
| Alkanna tinctoria (L.) Tausch | Mita et al. (1994) | |||
| Echium plantagineum L. | Piggin (1978) | |||
| Eritrichium incanum (Turcz.) A. DC. | Ovchinnikova (2008) | |||
| Jatropha glandulifera Roxb | Ballantine (1969) | |||
| Lithospermum erythrorhizon Siebold and Zucc | Naito et al. (1995) | |||
| Lithospermum officinale L. | Al-Snafi (2019) | |||
| Onosma caucasica Levin | Daironas et al. (2014) | |||
| Onosma bulbotrichum DC | Mehrabian et al. (2011) | |||
| 3 | Region-3 | Europe | Alkanna tinctoria (L.) Tausch | Mita et al. (1994) |
| Buglossoides arvensis (L.) I. M. Johnst. | Olennikov et al. (2020) | |||
| Cynoglossum officinale L. | Papageorgiou et al. (1999) | |||
| Echium plantagineum L. | Piggin (1978) | |||
| Lithospermum officinale L. | Al-Snafi (2019) | |||
| Rindera graeca Boiss. and amp | Kanou et al. (1990) | |||
| Onosma echioides (L.) | Mengoni et al. (2006) | |||
| Onosma leptantha Heldr | Damianakos et al. (2014) | |||
| Onosma caucasica Levin | Daironas et al. (2014) | |||
| 4 | Region-4 | Northern Africa | Arnebia Decumbens (Ventenat) Cosson and Kralik | Eddine et al. (2016) |
| Arnebia hispidissima (Lehm.) | El-Sayed (2010) | |||
| Alkanna tinctoria (L.) Tausch | Mita et al. (1994) | |||
| Echium plantagineum L. | Piggin (1978) | |||
| 5 | Region-5 | Australia and New Zealand | Echium italicum L. | Seaman and Dellow (1985) |
| Echium plantagineum L. |