TABLE 5.
Recent anti-tumor and anti-cancer studies.
| Shikonin action | Cell or tumor model | Mechanism | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inhibiting cell proliferation | MCF-7 BC cells | G0/G1 arrest of breast cancer multiplying cells. | Yang et al. (2019) |
| HCC cells | Inhibiting pyruvate kinase type M2 | Liu et al. (2020b) | |
| Human melanoma A375 and A2058 cells | Inhibition on STAT3 signaling | Cao et al. (2020) | |
| Apoptosis | Melanoma cells (B16F10) | Up- regulation of Bax expression | Rajasekar et al. (2012) |
| Mice models (C57BL/6) | Down-regulation of Bcl-2 | ||
| COLO 205 cells | Down-regulation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL up-regulation of p27, p53, and Bad | Pulley and Czakó (2004) | |
| HeLa Cells | SIRT3/SOD2-AKT pathway inhibition via reduction in SIRT3/SOD2 expression and SOD2 activity | Li et al. (2020) | |
| Human lung cancer cells (A549) | Upregulation of p53 expression | Yeh et al. (2015) | |
| Glioma cells (Hs683 cells) | Regulating endoplasmic reticulum via stress-mediated tumor apoptosis which target caspase-3 and Bax/Bak-induced mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization. | Ma et al. (2020) |