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. 2022 Jul 1;13:926162. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.926162

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Copyright © 2022 Wen, Zhao, Li, Hu, Zou and Dong

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effects of dietary chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) and Clostridium butyricum synbiotic supplementation on inflammatory cytokines of jejunum in early-weaned pigeon squabs. (A) TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha. (B) TNF-β, tumor necrosis factor beta. (C) IFN-γ, gamma interferon. (D) IL-2, interleukin 2. (E) IL-4. (F) IL-6. (G) IL-10. (H) IL-1β. Values are means with the SEM of eight squabs. *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01. C group, control group, squabs fed with artificial crop milk; CO group, squabs fed with artificial crop milk + 150 mg/kg COS; CB1, CB2, and CB3 group, squabs fed with artificial crop milk + 150 mg/kg COS + 200, 300, and 400 mg/kg C. butyricum, respectively.