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. 2022 Jul 1;13:926162. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.926162

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Copyright © 2022 Wen, Zhao, Li, Hu, Zou and Dong

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effects of dietary chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) and Clostridium butyricum synbiotic supplementation on ileal microbiota in early-weaned pigeon squabs. (A) Rarefaction curves. (B) Venn diagram of operational taxonomic units (OTUs). (C) Microbiota richness is represented by Chao1 index. (D) Microbiota diversity is represented by Shannon index. (E) Weighted_unifrac distance. (F) Analysis of similarities based on OTUs. (G) Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis plot of bacterial communities. Values are means with the SEM of eight squabs. *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01. C group, control group, squabs fed with artificial crop milk; CO group, squabs fed with artificial crop milk + 150 mg/kg COS; CB2 and CB3 group, squabs fed with artificial crop milk + 150 mg/kg COS + 300 and 400 mg/kg C butyricum, respectively.