Table. Characteristics and Changes of Metabolic Risk Factors by Sex and Race.
| Characteristics and changes | All (n = 13 412) | White (n = 9983) | Black (n = 3429) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men (n = 5998) | Women (n = 7414) | P valuea | Men (n = 4643) | Women (n = 5340) | P valuea | Men (n = 1355) | Women (n = 2074) | P valuea | |
| Characteristics | |||||||||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 54.4 (5.8) | 53.7 (5.7) | <.001 | 54.5 (5.7) | 53.9 (5.7) | <.001 | 53.8 (6) | 53.2 (5.8) | .007 |
| High school education or less, No. (%) | 2988 (49.9) | 4404 (59.5) | <.001 | 2134 (46) | 3121 (58.5) | <.001 | 854 (63.2) | 1283 (62.0) | .49 |
| Current smoking, No. (%) | 1662 (27.7) | 1823 (24.6) | <.001 | 1143 (24.6) | 1325 (24.8) | .80 | 519 (38.3) | 498 (24.0) | <.001 |
| Antihypertensive medications, No. (%) | 1206 (20.1) | 1734 (23.4) | <.001 | 783 (16.7) | 895 (16.8) | .90 | 423 (31.2) | 839 (40.5) | <.001 |
| Lipid lowering medications, No. (%) | 1102 (18.6) | 1755 (23.8) | <.001 | 803 (17.4) | 1127 (21.2) | <.001 | 299 (22.6) | 628 (30.7) | <.001 |
| Antidiabetic medications, No. (%) | 264 (5.6) | 377 (5.7) | .90 | 136 (3.6) | 145 (3.0) | .10 | 128 (14.3) | 232 (13.3) | .50 |
| Metabolic syndrome z-score, mean (SD) | 0.4 (0.9) | 0.3 (1.3) | <.001 | 0.36 (0.8) | 0.1 (1.1) | <.001 | 0.34 (1.4) | 0.7 (1.7) | <.001 |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 27.4 (4.2) | 27.6 (6) | .009 | 27.3 (3.9) | 26.4 (5.4) | <.001 | 27.6 (4.9) | 30.7 (6.5) | <.001 |
| Waist circumference, mean (SD), cm | 98.8 (10.9) | 94.7 (15.4) | <.001 | 99.4 (10.3) | 92.6 (14.5) | <.001 | 96.8 (12.9) | 100.2 (16.3) | <.001 |
| Triglycerides, mean (SD), mg/dL | 133.2 (71.1) | 118.5 (63.5) | <.001 | 138.9 (71.8) | 123.1 (67) | <.001 | 113.8 (64.9) | 106.7 (51.8) | <.001 |
| SBP, mean (SD), mmHg | 122.3(17.7) | 119.9 (19.4) | <.001 | 120 (15.9) | 116.8 (17.7) | <.001 | 130.2 (21.3) | 128.2 (21.1) | .005 |
| HDL cholesterol, mean (SD), mg/dL | 45.1 (13.9) | 58.0 (16.9) | <.001 | 43.3 (12.1) | 57.9 (16.9) | <.001 | 51.4 (17.3) | 58.1 (17.1) | <.001 |
| Fasting glucose, mean (SD), mg/dL | 108.7 (35.1) | 106.8 (40.6) | .003 | 106.6 (27.9) | 102 (28.5) | <.001 | 116.1 (52.3) | 119 (60) | .10 |
| Annual change of metabolic risk factors across visits (SD)b | |||||||||
| Metabolic syndrome z-score | |||||||||
| Normoglycemia | 0.07 (0.02) | 0.09 (0.02) | .001 | 0.04 (0.02) | 0.1 (0.02) | .80 | 0.07 (0.05) | 0.08 (0.04) | .40 |
| Prediabetes | 0.07 (0.004) | 0.1 (0.004) | <.001 | 0.05 (0.004) | 0.1 (0.004) | <.001 | 0.07 (0.01) | 0.09 (0.01) | .10 |
| Diabetes | 0.06 (0.01) | 0.04 (0.01) | <.001 | 0.04 (0.01) | 0.06 (0.01) | <.001 | 0.09 (0.01) | 0.03 (0.01) | .20 |
| Waist circumference | |||||||||
| Normoglycemia | 0.6 (0.2) | 1.4 (0.3) | .46 | 0.7 (0.2) | 1.7 (0.4) | .10 | 0.3 (0.5) | 1.6 (0.6) | .91 |
| Prediabetes | 0.7 (0.05) | 1.8 (0.06) | <.001 | 0.8 (0.05) | 2.1 (0.07) | <.001 | 0.5 (0.1) | 1.8 (0.1) | .01 |
| Diabetes | 0.7 (0.07) | 1.5 (0.09) | <.001 | 0.7 (0.08) | 1.8 (0.1) | <.001 | 0.6 (0.1) | 1.7 (0.2) | .07 |
| Triglyceridesc | |||||||||
| Normoglycemia | 0.03 (0.01) | 0.09 (0.01) | <.001 | 0.04 (0.001) | 0.1 (0.01) | <.001 | 0.02(0.03) | 0.07 (0.02) | <.001 |
| Prediabetes | 0.04 (0.002) | 0.09 (0.002) | <.001 | 0.05 (0.002) | 0.1 (0.002) | .10 | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.07 (0.004) |
.07 |
| Diabetes | 0.03 (0.003) | 0.08 (0.003) | .03 | 0.04 (0.004) | 0.1 (0.004) | <.001 | 0.03 (0.01) | 0.07 (0.004) | <.001 |
| SBP | |||||||||
| Normoglycemia | 1 (0.47) | 0.9 (0.5) | <.001 | 1.1 (0.5) | 0.6 (0.5) | <.001 | 2.2 (1.2) | 2.51 (0.9) | .06 |
| Prediabetes | 1 (0.08) | 0.8 (0.08) | .90 | 1.1 (0.08) | 0.4 (0.08) | .10 | 2 (0.2) | 2.44 (0.2) | .80 |
| Diabetes | 0.8 (0.1) | 0.7 (0.1) | .20 | 0.8 (0.1) | 0.3 (0.1) | .004 | 2 (0.3) | 2.39 (0.2) | .20 |
| HDL cholesterol | |||||||||
| Normoglycemia | −0.7 (0.4) | 0.5 (0.4) | <.001 | −0.3 (0.4) | 0.6 (0.5) | <.001 | −0.9 (0.9) | −0.01 (0.7) | .04 |
| Prediabetes | −0.7 (0.06) | 0.4 (0.07) | <.001 | −0.4 (0.06) | 0.4 (0.08) | <.001 | −1 (0.2) | −0.02 (0.2) | .07 |
| Diabetes | −0.9 (0.09) | 0.5 (0.1) | <.001 | −0.4 (0.1) | 0.5 (0.1) | <.001 | −1.3 (0.2) | 0.27 (0.2) | .40 |
| Fasting glucose | |||||||||
| Normoglycemia | 2.2 (0.6) | 0.8 (0.5) | .005 | 1.1 (0.5) | 0.6 (0.4) | .08 | 3.3 (2.2) | 0.3 (1.7) | .07 |
| Prediabetes | 2.3 (0.1) | 0.8 (0.1) | .90 | 1.2 (0.1) | 0.7 (0.09) | .40 | 3.3 (0.5) | 0.3 (0.4) | .80 |
| Diabetes | 2.4 (0.2) | 0.4 (0.2) | .02 | 1.5 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | .30 | 3.2 (0.8) | −0.9 (0.6) | .10 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); HDL, high-density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
SI conversion factor: To convert triglycerides to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0113; HDL cholesterol to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0259; glucose to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0555.
a
P for sex differences.
b
Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study visits 1 to 4 (1987 to 1998).
c
Log-transformed.