Table 1.
Clinical studies using bone marrow stromal stem cells for tissue engineering.
| Musculoskeletal Conditions | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reference | No. of patients | Study design | Indication | Source | Administration | Outcome | Follow-up |
| Quarto et al. 2001 [23] | 3 | Case series | Large bone defects | Autologous | Macroporous HA scaffolds | Callous formation, good integration with host bone, no complications | 15–27 months |
| Kawate et al. 2006 [29] | 3 | Case series | Steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head | Autologous | β-TCP carrier | Arrest of osteonecrosis progression, early bone regeneration, not indicated in cases with severe preoperative collapse | 34 months |
| Marcacci et al. 2007 [31] | 4 | Case series | Bone diaphysis defects | Autologous | Porous HA ceramic scaffolds | No major complications, integration of the implants, functional recovery of the limb | 6–7 years |
| Aoyama et al. 2014 [32] | 10 | Prospective, open-labeled, proof-of-concept clinical trial | Idiopathic osteonecrosis of the femoral head | Autologous | β-TCP carrier in combination with vascularized bone grafts | Safety, increased bone volume, improvement in clinical scores | 24 months |
| Hernigou et al. 2014 [33] | 60 | Case control study | Total hip arthroplasty | Autologous | Allograft carrier | Better radiographic graft union rates, less allograft resorption, less failures as compared with allograft alone | 12 years |
| Bolland et al. 2006 [34] | 6 | Cohort study | Hip replacement | Autologous | Morselized allograft carrier | Higher shear strength | 4 weeks |
| Behnia et al. 2012 [37] | 3 | Case series | Alveolar cleft defect | Autologous | HA/TCP polygonal 3 mm cubes mixed with PDGF and SSCs | 51.3 % fill of the bone defect | 3 months |
| Meijer et al. 2008 [36] | 6 | Case series | Intra-osseous defects | Autologous | HA porous scaffold | No orthotropic bone formation | 15 months |
| Kaigler et al. 2013 [38] | 24 | Phase 1/2 RCT | Alveolar bone defects | Autologous | Absorbable gelatin sponge (Gelfoam) | Accelerated alveolar bone regeneration, reduced need for secondary bone grafting | 1 year |
| Rajan et al. 2014 [39] | 1 | Case report | Jawbone deficiencies following injury | Autologous | β-TCP | 80 % regeneration of the bone defect, functional and aesthetic rehabilitation of the patient with implants | 16 months |
| Kaigler et al. 2015 [40] | 30 | Phase 1/2 RCT | Bone deficiencies of the maxillary sinus | Autologous | β-TCP | Accelerated bone regeneration, enhanced bone density | 16 months |
| Wakitani et al. 2011 [43] | 41 | Case series | Cartilage repair | Autologous | Type I bovine collagen sheet | Neither tumors nor infections were observed | 75 months |
| Nejadnik et al. 2010 [44] | 72 | Cohort study | Cartilage repair | Autologous | Cell sheets | SSCs as effective as chondrocytes for cartilage repair | 24 months |
RCT: Randomized controlled trial; HA: Hydroxyapatite; β-TCP: Beta-tricalcium phosphate; iv: Intravenous; ip: Intraperitoneally; sc: Subcutaneously; MI: Myocardial infarction; LV: Left ventricular; ALS: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; MS: Multiple sclerosis; GVHD: Graft vs. host disease; CR: Complete response; PR: Partial response; MR: Mixed response; GI: Gastrointestinal; SLE: Systemic lupous erythematosus