Table 3.

Clinical studies using bone marrow stromal stem cells for immunomodulation.

Reference	Study design	No. of patients	Indication	Source	Administration	Outcome	Follow-up
Le Blanc et al. 2004 [87]	Case report	1	Acute GVHD	Allogeneic (from mother)	iv injection	Patient alive without disease	1 year
Prasad et al. 2011 [89]	Case series	12	Refractory acute GVHD	Allogeneic, premanufactured (Prochymal)	iv injection	No treatment-related serious adverse events,58 % CR, 17 % PR, 25 % MR. Complete resolution of GI symptoms in 75 %	1–3 years
Slavin et al. 2008 [77]	Case series	12	MS, ALS	Autologous	Intrathecal and iv injection	Safe procedure, no major risks	1 year
Yamout et al. 2010 [91]	Case series	10	MS	Autologous	Intrathecal injection	Clinical but no radiologic improvement	1 year
Connick et al. 2012 [92]	Case series	10	Secondary progressive MS	Autologous	Intravenous infusion	No serious adverse events, improvement in visual endpoints	6 months
Duijvestein et al. 2010 [93]	Case series	10	Refractory Crohn’s disease	Autologous	iv injection	Safe, reduction in Crohn’s disease activity index (CDAI)	6 weeks
Carrion et al. 2010 [94]	Case series	2	SLE	Autologous	iv infusion	No adverse effects, but no modification of initial disease activity	14 weeks
Liang et al. 2010 [95]	Case series	15	Refractory SLE	Allogeneic (donors from patients’ families)	iv infusion	No serious adverse events, decreased disease activity, improvement in serological markers, stabilization of renal function	3–36 months

HA: Hydroxyapatite; β-TCP: Beta-tricalcium phosphate; iv: Intravenous; ip: Intraperitoneally; sc: Subcutaneously; MI: Myocardial infarction; LV: Left ventricular; ALS: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; MS: Multiple sclerosis; GVHD: Graft vs. host disease; CR: Complete response; PR: Partial response; MR: Mixed response; GI: Gastrointestinal SLE: Systemic lupous erythematosus