Table 1.
Low-grade endotoxaemia in various clinical settings
| Study (year) | Study design | Study cohort (n) | Follow-up | Endotoxaemia evaluation | Main results | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carpino et al. (2020) | Case–control study | NAFLD (n = 211); no NAFLD (n = 65) | NR | LPS | Increased serum LPS level and higher LPS localization in hepatocytes in patients with NAFLD versus patients without NAFLD; LPS was associated with liver inflammation | 31 |
| Simonsen et al. (2020) | Prospective study | Type 1 diabetes (n = 3,781) | 13.7 years | LAL | LPS activity increased in patients with type 1 diabetes and incident CHD | 125 |
| Wiedermann et al. (1999) | Prospective study | General population, cohort from the Bruneck study (n = 516) | 5 years | LAL | LPS >50 pg/ml in the plasma increased the risk of carotid artery atherosclerosis | 18 |
| Asada et al. (2019) | Prospective study | General population, cohort from Japan (n = 2,568) | 10 years | LBP | Serum LBP level was associated with cardiovascular events | 121 |
| Pussinen et al. (2007) | Prospective study | General population, cohort from FINRISK study (n = 7,927) | 10 years | LAL | The LPS to HDL-cholesterol ratio was associated with systemic inflammation and cardiovascular events | 123 |
| Leskelä et al. (2021) | Genome-wide association study | Three cohorts from Finnish studies (total n = 11,296): FinnDiane, type 1 diabetes (n = 4,242); FINRISK, general population (n = 6,323); Finnish Twin Cohort study, general population (n = 731) | NR | LAL | Five genetic loci were associated with serum endotoxin activity; the genetic risk score of endotoxaemia was associated with venous thromboembolism | 122 |
| Zhou et al. (2018) | Case–control, prospective study | STEMI (total n = 100): stable angina (n = 50); control group (n = 50) | 3 years | LAL | Serum LPS was increased in patients with STEMI and was associated with cardiovascular events | 68 |
| Carnevale et al. (2020) | Case–control study | STEMI (total n = 50): stable angina (n = 50); control group (n = 50) | NR | LPS | Serum LPS level was increased in patients with STEMI and correlated with serum zonulin levels; LPS localized in coronary thrombi from patients with STEMI | 15 |
| Pastori et al. (2017) | Prospective study | Atrial fibrillation (n = 912) | 3 years | LPS | Serum LPS > 100 pg/ml was associated with increased risk of MACE | 126 |
| Zhang et al. (2021) | Cross-sectional study | Atrial fibrillation (total n = 1,152): young participants (aged 18–44 years; n = 694); middle-aged participants (aged 45–64 years, n = 357); older participants (65–75 years, n = 101) | NR | LAL | Serum LPS levels were increased in older patients with atrial fibrillation | 127 |
| Cangemi et al. (2016) | Prospective, observational study | CAP (n = 278); control group (n = 50) | NR | LPS | Serum LPS levels increased in the acute phase of CAP and correlated with serum zonulin levels | 66 |
| Oliva et al. (2021) | Case–control, prospective study | COVID-19 (n = 81); control group (n = 81) | 18 days | LPS | Serum LPS level was associated with thrombotic events in patients with COVID-19 and correlated with serum zonulin level | 19 |
CAP, community-acquired pneumonia; CHD, coronary heart disease; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; LAL, limulus amoebocyte lysate; LBP, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MACE, major adverse cardiovascular events; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; NR, not reported; STEMI, ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.