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. 2022 Jun 2;122(13):11604–11674. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00125

Figure 15.

Figure 15

Images of ChNF prepared by mechanical nanofibrillation assisted by chemical treatment. TEM images of ChNF isolated by (a) ultrasonication and (b) microfluidization of partially deacetylated α-chitin from crab shells in acidic water (acetic acid). Adapted with permission from ref (272). Copyright 2010 Elsevier. Adapted from ref (273). Copyright 2019 American Chemical Society. (c) TEM image of ChNF produced from TEMPO-oxidized tubeworm β-chitin in water. Adapted with permission from ref (279). Copyright 2009 Elsevier. (d) SEM image of ChNF isolated via grinding of maleic anhydride-esterified α-chitin in water. Adapted with permission from ref (283). Copyright 2016 Elsevier. (e) TEM micrograph of ChNF self-exfoliated from squid pen β-chitin by pseudo-solvent swelling and maleic anhydride intercalation. Adapted with permission from ref (288). Copyright 2021 John Wiley and Sons. (f) TEM image of ChNF mechanically disintegrated from chitin deacetylase-processed α-chitin in acidic water. Adapted with permission from ref (290). Copyright 2019 The Royal Society of Chemistry.