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. 2022 Jun 2;122(13):11604–11674. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00125

Figure 24.

Figure 24

(a1) Schematic illustration of the adsorption of spherical particles at the oil/water interface according to the contact angles (θ). Adapted with permission from ref (407). Copyright 2002 Elsevier. (a2) Adsorption of particles with a contact angle < 90° in an oil-in-water (O/W) system. The desorption of the particles from the interfaces is prevented if the energy barrier for detachment is higher than the thermal energy. Adapted from ref (428). Copyright 2021 American Chemical Society. (b) Three-phase contact angle of ChNF films spin-coated from ChNF suspensions of varying pH (3–6). θ was measured by injecting a sunflower oil droplet on a solid ChNF film in contact with water. Adapted from ref (410). Copyright 2020 American Chemical Society. (c1) Surface (air/water) and interfacial (oil/water) tension of ChNF suspensions at given concentrations. The inset shows the shape of the bubble or droplet during measurement. (c2) Interfacial dilatational rheology of air/water interfaces using a 10 μL bubble oscillating at 0.5 Hz frequency, demonstrating the interfacial adsorption of ChNFs in a 0.5 wt % suspension. Adapted from ref (273). Copyright 2019 American Chemical Society. (d) SEM image of ChNF-stabilized polystyrene sphere showing a high ChNF surface coverage. Adapted from ref (417). Copyright 2021 American Chemical Society. (e) Fluorescent images of ChNF/CNF-stabilized sunflower O/W Pickering droplets at different ChNF concentrations. CNF/NCh complexes were stained using Calcofluor white. Adapted from ref (417). Copyright 2021 American Chemical Society. (f1) SEM image of a ChNC-stabilized Pickering foam after drying. (f2) Polarized optical micrograph of a ChNC-based foam in liquid state. Adapted with permission from ref (425). Copyright 2015 The Royal Society of Chemistry. (g) Images of water-in-air liquid marbles (10 μL of water, dyed with methylene blue) wrapped by superamphiphobic ChNC powder on the surfaces of glass, paper, plastic, and water. Adapted from ref (339). Copyright 2020 American Chemical Society.