Table 6. State-of-the-Art AEMWE Cells and Experimental Parametersa.
| catalyst
loading (mg/cm2) |
operating
conditions |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| study | anode | cathode | AEI loading (wt %) anode/cathode | membrane, thickness (μm) | IECmembrane (mmol/g or meq/g) | electrolyte | j (A/cm2) | Ecell (V) | time (h) | degradation rate (μV/h) | ref |
| 1 | IrO2, 3 | Pt black, 3 | F-PAE, 2.5/2.5 | ATM-PP | 1.7/(2.7 for F-PAE) | H2O | 0.2 | 1.9 | 2000 | 350 | (457) |
| 2 | FexNiyOOH-20F, 4.8 | Pt/C, 0.94 | PAP-TP-85 | PAP-TP-85, 30 | 2.4 | H2O | 0.2 | 1.63 | 150 | 560 | (424) |
| 3 | Ir black, 2.7 | Pt/C, 2.7 | Sustainion XA-9, 5 | Sustainion 37–50, 50 | ∼1.1 | H2O | 0.5 | 1.9 | 170 | 705 | (428) |
| 4 | IrO2, 2.6 | Pt black (HiSPEC 1000 TM), 2.4 | A-Radel, 22/27 | A-201 Tokuyama, 28 | 2.0 | H2O | 0.2 | 1.8 | 535 | 747 | (83) |
| 5 | Ni2Fe3, 3 | PtRu/C, 2 | TMA-53, 20/20 | HTMA-DAPP, 26 | 2.6/(2.6 for TMA-53) | H2O | 0.2 | 1.75 | 170 | 1470 | (414) |
| 6 | IrO2, 0.6 | Pt/C, 0.3 | BPN | quaternized polyphenylene | n/ab | H2O | 0.2 | 2.1 | 100 | 1800 | (415) |
| 7 | IrO2, 1.2 | Pt/C, 0.3 | PFOTFPh-TMA-C8, 25 wt % | PFOTFPh-TMA-C8, 23 | 2.7 | H2O | 200 | 1.65 | 120 | 2250 | (458) |
| 8 | IrO2, 2.3–2.8 | Pt black, 2.3–2.8 | PiperION (TP-85), 10 | PiperION (TP-85), 50 | 2.02–2.37 | H2O | 0.5 | 1.85 | 175 | 2571 | (465) |
| 9 | Ni–Fe–Ox, 5 | Ni–Fe–Co, 5 | Sustainion XB-7 | PBI-based AEM (KOH doped) | n/ab | 1 M KOH | 1 | 2.09 | 100 | –100 | (461) |
| 10a | NiFe2O4, 1.8 | modified Raney nickel, 14.5 | Nafionc | Sustainion grade Td, 50–80 | ∼1.1 | 1 M KOH | 1 | 1.83 | 1920 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | (453) |
| 10b | NiFe2O4, 1.8 | modified Raney nickel, 2.7 | Nafionc | Sustainion X37-50, 50–80 | ∼1.1 | 1 M KOH | 1 | 1.85 | 12180, 10100 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | (453) |
| 11 | Raney Ni–Fe | Raney Ni–Fe | no AEI | PFTP-13 AEM, ∼30 | 2.82 | 1 M KOH | 0.5 | ∼1.5 | 1000 | ±close to 0 | (463) |
| 12 | NiFeOOH, electrodeposited | Pt/C, 0.4 | Fumion, 30 (cathode only) | FAA-3, 50 | 1.4–1.6 | 1 M KOH | 0.5 | ∼1.6 | 100 | ±close to 0 | (108) |
| 13 | NiFeOx, 2 | NiFeCo, 3 | Nafionc | Sustainion 37–50, 50 | ∼1.1 | 1 M KOH | 1 | 1.9 | 1920 | 5 | (462) |
| 14 | IrO2, 1.2 | Pt/C, 0.3 | PFOTFPh-TMA-C8, 25 wt % | PFOTFPh-TMA-C8, 53 | 2.7 | 1 M KOH | 200 | 1.6 | 135 | 370 | (458) |
| 15 | IrO2, 2 | Pt/C, 0.5 | PFTP, 10/PFBP, 25 | PFTP-13 AEM, ∼30 | 2.82 | 1 M KOH | 0.5 | 1.6 | 1100 | 455 | (463) |
| 16 | NiAl, 47.9 (plasma sprayed) | NiAlMo, 42.7 (plasma sprayed) | no AEI | HMT-PMBI, 50 | 2.52 | 1 M KOH | 1 | 2.05 | 145 | 650 | (464) |
| 17 | Raney Ni–Fe, 20 | Raney Ni–Fe, 20 | no AEI | Sustainion 37–50, 50 | ∼1.1 | 1 M KOH | 0.5 | ∼1.93 | 250 | 1200 | (463) |
| 18 | NiCo2O4, 8 | Pt, 0.3 | qPPO, 90/10 (catalyst/ionomer) | Dowex Marathon A and LDPE blende | 2.45 | 1.95 M KOH | 0.3 | 1.8 | 100 | 200 | (466) |
| 19 | Ni foamf | Ni foamf | PSEBS-CM-DABCO, 100 | 0.76 | 1.95 M KOH | 0.3 | 2.26 | 160 | 20 | (467) | |
| 20 | NiCo2O4, 8 | Pt, 0.3 | qPPO, 90/10 (catalyst/polymer) | qPPO, TMA quaternized, 200 | 1.46 | 1.95 M KOH | 0.3 | 1.8 | 400 | 100 | (468) |
| 21 | NiCo2O4, 8 | Pt, 0.3 | PSEBS-CM-TMA/PTFE, ∼5 wt % or 95/5 | PSEBS-CM-TMA, 100 | 0.75 | 1.95 M KOH | 0.3 | 1.76 | 800 | 50 | (469) |
| 22 | CuCoOx (Acta 3030), 36 | Ni/(CeO2–La2O3)/C (Acta 4030), 7.4 | PTFEc, 10/10 | A-201 Tokuyama, 28 | 1.8 | 1 wt % K2CO3 | 0.47 | 1.85 | 1000 | 200 | (84) |
| 23 | Ni0.7Co0.3Ox, 2 | Pt/C (40 wt %), 1 | AS-4, 5 | in-house prepared APEg | n/ab | 1 wt % KHCO3 | 0.1 | 2.03 | 550 | 200 | (470) |
| 24a | CuCoOx (Acta 3030), ∼30 | Ni/(CeO2–La2O3)/C (Acta 4030), ∼7.4 | alkaline ionomer (I2, Acta Spa), ∼9 | A-201 Tokuyama, 28 | 1.8 | 1 wt % K2CO3 | 0.5 | 1.98 | 200 | 500 | (235) |
| 24b | CuCoOx (Acta 3030), ∼30 | Ni/(CeO2–La2O3)/C (Acta 4030), ∼7.4 | alkaline ionomer (I2, Acta Spa), ∼9 | FAA-3-PP-75 | 1.4–1.6 | 1 wt % K2CO3 | 0.5 | 2.05 | 200 | 2380 | (235) |
All AEMWE cells were run for at least 100 h. Additional experimental conditions are given in Table S20.
n/a indicates that information was not available in publication or corresponding Supporting Information. F-PAE, partially fluorinated poly(arylene ether); PAP, poly(aryl piperidinium); ATM-PP, poly(phenylene) with benzylic methylammonium groups; BPN, quaternized biphenylene AEI; TMA, trimethylammonium-functionalized polystyrenes; HTMA-DAPP, hexamethyltrimethylammonium-functionalized Diels–Alder polyphenylene; qPPO, quaternized polyphenylene oxide (with trimethylamine, TMA); PFOTFPh-TMA-Cx, TMA-modified poly(fluorene-alt-tetrafluorophenylene) with x being the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl side chain; PFTP, poly(fluorenyl-co-terphenyl piperidinium-8); PFBP, poly(fluorenyl-co-biphenyl piperidinium-14); LDPE, low-density polyethylene; PSEBS, polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene-ran-butylene)-block-polystyrene, from technical data sheet.
Nafion and PTFE may act as binders rather than AEIs’ in all of these cases, i.e., studies 6–8, OH–-conducting electrolytes were fed to the AEMWE cell.
PTFE-reinforced Sustainion.
Dowex Marathon A is milled anion-selective particles (Dow, predominant particles between 10 and 30 μm size, IEC = 3.90 mequiv/g) blended with LDPE and a water-soluble additive (3.4 wt %). They are press-molded between poly(ethylene terephthalate) (0.3 mm thick) films.
Ni foams served as PTL and GDL; no catalyst was added onto the foams.
No further information was supplied by the authors on the membrane other than in-house prepared solid alkaline polymer electrolyte (APE).