TABLE 5.
Generalised linear regression analysis to explore factors associated with HRQoL (n = 233)
| Variables | Mobility | Self‐care | Usual activities | Pain/discomfort | Anxiety/depression | VAS | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coef. (95%CI) | P‐value | Coef. (95%CI) | P‐value | Coef. (95%CI) | P‐value | Coef. (95%CI) | P‐value | Coef. (95%CI) | P‐value | Coef. (95%CI) | P‐value | |
| Age (years) | 0.008 (0.004, 0.012) | P < .001 | 0.002 (−0.003, 0.007) | .416 | −0.009 (−0.014, −0.004) | .001 | −0.002 (−0.006, 0.003) | .474 | −0.001 (−0.006, 0.004) | .604 | −0.002 (−0.004, <0.001) | .081 |
| Female (reference = male) | 0.07 (−0.08, 0.21) | .361 | −0.03 (−0.181, 0.12) | .694 | −0.09 (−0.235, 0.064) | .260 | −0.12 (−0.246, 0.016) | .086 | −0.002 (−0.151, 0.148) | .982 | 0.005 (−0.013, 0.123) | .110 |
| Other ethnic group (reference = Chinese) | 0.25 (0.11, 0.391) | .001 | 0.15 (0.03, 0.297) | .046 | −0.002 (−0.151, 0.147) | .979 | 0.08 (−0.05, 0.216) | .221 | 0.18 (0.023, 0.337) | .025 | −0.007 (−0.082, 0.067) | .847 |
| Wound aetiology (reference = others) | ||||||||||||
| Venous ulcer (n = 24) | −0.35 (−0.73, 0.04) | .077 | −0.17 (−0.516, 0.17) | .323 | −0.16 (−0.538, 0.211) | .393 | 0.01 (−0.288, 0.316) | .929 | −0.09 (−0.445, 0.266) | .623 | 0.03 (−0.118, 0.167) | .732 |
| Arterial ulcer (n = 13) | −0.17 (−0.57, 0.25) | .431 | 0.26 (−0.223, 0.714) | .304 | 0.12 (−0.383, 0.616) | .648 | 0.15 (−0.275, 0.581) | .484 | 0.10 (−0.317, 0.526) | .628 | −0.12 (−0.39, 0.143) | .363 |
| Mixed ulcer (n = 18) | −0.41 (−0.76, −0.06) | .022 | −0.08 (−0.46, 0.293) | .662 | −0.05 (−0.442, 0.345) | .811 | −0.13 (−0.442, 0.189) | .432 | −0.21 (−0.525, 0.096) | .175 | 0.05 (−0.058, 0.166) | .348 |
| DFU (n = 78) | −0.12 (−0.44, 0.21) | .480 | 0.004 (−0.304, 0.311) | .982 | −0.69 (−0.421, 0.283) | .700 | −0.20 (−0.445, 0.467) | .112 | 0.001 (−0.272, 0.274) | .994 | 0.04 (−0.056, 0.144) | .384 |
| AHHW (n = 80) | −0.38 (−0.69, −0.06) | .021 | −0.11 (−0.402, 0.182) | .459 | −0.17 (−0.516, 0.167) | .317 | −0.12 (−0.379, 0.132) | .344 | −0.03 (−0.310, 0.258) | .857 | 0.04 (−0.061, 0.140) | .441 |
| Wound duration (reference = 4‐6 weeks) | ||||||||||||
| 6 weeks to <3 months (n = 57) | 0.15 (−0.02, 0.33) | .085 | −0.16 (−0.362, 0.457) | .128 | −0.87 (−0.302, 0.129) | .430 | 0.02 (−0.174, 0.208) | .859 | −0.002 (0.206, 0.182) | .906 | −0.11 (−0.201, −0.009) | .031 |
| 3 months to <6 months (n = 46) | 0.05 (−0.13, 0.23) | .605 | −0.87 (−0.307, 0.133) | .438 | −0.05 (−0.281, 0.178) | .661 | −0.005 (−0.197, 0.186) | .958 | −0.07 (−0.280, 0.137) | .503 | 0.02 (−0.062, 0.101) | .643 |
| ≥6 months (n = 58) | 0.19 (0.02, 0.37) | .033 | −0.14 (−0.334, 0.503) | .148 | −0.15 (−0.337, 0.043) | .130 | 0.07 (−0.104, 0.234) | .453 | 0.11 (−0.070, 0.298) | .224 | 0.004 (−0.735, 0.082) | .913 |
| Wound size (reference = <2 sq.cm) | ||||||||||||
| 2‐5 sq.cm (n = 57) | 0.03 (−0.14, 0.20) | .711 | −0.004 (−0.188, 0.179) | .964 | −0.06 (−0.268, 0.143) | .549 | −0.09 (−0.257, 0.085) | .323 | 0.05 (−0.139, 0.247) | .583 | −0.007 (−0.115, 0.100) | .892 |
| 6‐10 sq.cm (n = 33) | 0.12 (−0.08, 0.32) | .247 | 0.06 (−0.191, 0.309) | .641 | 0.03 (−0.198, 0.261) | .787 | −0.10 (−0.295, 0.105) | .351 | −0.18 (−0.396, 0.041) | .111 | −0.05 (−0.116, 0.084) | .751 |
| >10 sq.cm (n = 27) | 0.03 (−0.18, 0.24) | .779 | 0.09 (−0.11, 0.282) | .388 | −0.09 (−0.309, 0.134) | .440 | 0.03 (−0.204, 0.259) | .815 | −0.02 (−0.258, 0.210) | .842 | 0.02 (−0.074, 0.120) | .642 |
| Wound exudate level (reference = none) | ||||||||||||
| Low (n = 123) | 0.24 (0.01, 0.47) | .044 | 0.17 (−0.033, 0.366) | .101 | −0.04 (−0.292, 0.207) | .737 | 0.22 (−0.067, 0.503) | .135 | 0.02 (−0.291, 0.336) | .886 | 0.03 (−0.067, 0.133) | .515 |
| Medium (n = 75) | 0.29 (0.05, 0.53) | .018 | 0.20 (−0.012, 0.419) | .065 | <0.001 (−0.263, 0.263) | .999 | 0.23 (−0.073, 0.529) | .137 | 0.13 (−0.191, 0.453) | .424 | 0.02 (−0.091, 0.130) | .728 |
| Heavy (n = 6) | 0.28 (−0.18, 0.73) | .235 | 0.29 (−0.222, 0.795) | .269 | −0.03 (−0.337, 0.434) | .895 | 0.13 (−0.334, 0.599) | .577 | 0.07 (−0.445, 0.590) | .784 | ‐0.05 (−0.253, 0.154) | .634 |
Abbreviations: AHHW, atypical hard‐to‐heal wounds; CI, Confidence interval; DFU, diabetic foot ulcers; HRQoL, health‐related quality of life; VAS, visual analogue scale.