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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jul 15.
Published in final edited form as: J Biomech. 2022 May 10;138:111130. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111130

Table 1.

Spatiotemporal and joint angle definitions.

Variable Definition
Stance limb The limb whose heel strike starts a gait cycle: e.g. if a gait cycle was right foot contact to right foot contact, the right limb would be the stance limb and the left would be the opposite.
Spatiotemporal Parameters
Mean center of mass (CoM) velocity Forward velocity of the center of mass averaged over the duration of the step.
Step length The average anterior-posterior distance from stance limb heel marker to the opposite limb heel marker between the time from opposite limb heel strike to stance limb toe off.
Step width The average mediolateral distance from stance limb heel marker to opposite limb heel marker between the time from opposite limb heel strike to stance limb toe off.
Joint Angles
Stance limb hip flexion Peak hip flexion angle (positive values) on the stance limb, during the stance phase (incorporating both double and single support).
Stance limb hip extension Peak hip extension angle (negative values) on the stance limb, during the stance phase (incorporating both double and single support).
Stance limb knee flexion Peak knee flexion angle (positive values) on the stance limb, during the stance phase (incorporating both double and single support).
Stance limb ankle plantarflexion Peak ankle plantarflexion angle (negative values) on the stance limb, during the stance phase (incorporating both double and single support).
Stance limb ankle dorsiflexion Peak ankle dorsiflexion angle (positive values) on the stance limb, during the stance phase (incorporating both double and single support).
Timing of Joint Angles
Timing of peak hip flexion Stance phase was normalized to 100%, and time at which peak hip flexion occurs is reported as percentage of stance phase
Timing of peak hip extension Stance phase was normalized to 100%, and time at which peak hip extension occurs is reported as percentage of stance phase
Timing of peak knee flexion Stance phase was normalized to 100%, and time at which peak knee flexion occurs is reported as percentage of stance phase
Timing of peak plantarflexion Stance phase was normalized to 100%, and time at which peak plantarflexion occurs is reported as percentage of stance phase
Timing of peak dorsiflexion Stance phase was normalized to 100%, and time at which peak dorsiflexion occurs is reported as percentage of stance phase