Table 3.
Mean ± SE (95% CI) and coefficient of variation (CV) for lower limb peak joint sagittal angles in older adults (OA) and younger adults (YA), for pre-, during-, and post-transition phases for normal slow and normal fast conditions. Positive values indicate hip flexion, knee flexion, and dorsiflexion. Negative values indicate hip extension and plantarflexion.
| Normal Slow |
Normal Fast |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Group | Pre | During | Post | Pre | During | Post | |
| Peak Hip Flexion (°) | OA | Mean ± SE (95% CI) | 2.2 ± 0.7 ([0.7 3.7])† | 4.5 ± 0.8 ([36])^† | 2.8 ± 0.8 ([1.2 4.4])^ | 2.1 ± 0.8 ([0.6 3.7])† | 5.4 ± 0.8 ([3.8 6.9])^† | 0.7 ± 0.8 ([−0.9 2.3])^ |
| CV ± SE (95% CI) | 0.5 ± 0.6 ([−0.7 1.8]) | 0.6 ± 0.2 ([0.2 0.9]) | −0.1 ± 0.6 ([−1.3 1.1]) | 0.1 ± 0.6 ([−1.1 1.3]) | 0.7 ± 1.8 ([−3.0 4.3]) | −0.4 ± 4.7 ([−9.9 9.1]) | ||
| YA | Mean ± SE (95% CI) | 0.5 ± 0.9 ([−1.3 2.4])† | 5.0 ± 1.0 ([3.0 7.0])^† | 1.9 ± 1.0 ([−0.1 3.9])^ | 0.6 ± 1.0 ([−1.4 2.5])† | 5.2 ± 0.9 ([3.3 7.1])^† | −1.5 ± 1.0 ([−3.5 0.4])^ | |
| CV ± SE (95% CI) | −1.3 ± 0.8 ([−2.9 0.2]) | 0.2 ± 0.2 ([−0.2 0.6]) | 0.3 ± 0.8 ([−1.3 1.9]) | 0.3 ± 0.7 ([−1.2 1.8]) | −3.2 ± 2.2 ([−7.7 1.3]) | −12.3 ± 5.8 ([−24–0.5]) | ||
| Peak Hip Extension (°) | OA | Mean ± SE (95% CI) | −4.7 ± 0.8 ([−6.3–3.1]) | −5.4 ± 0.8 ([−7.1–3.7])† | −4.7 ± 0.8 ([−6.4–3]) | −4.6 ± 0.8 ([−6.2–3]) | −5.4 ± 0.9 ([−7.2–3.7])† | −4.6 ± 0.8 ([−6.2–3.0]) |
| CV ± SE (95% CI) | 0.1 ± 0.6 ([−1.1 1.3]) | −0.2 ± 1.9 ([−4.1 3.6]) | −0.4 ± 6.9 ([−14.3 13.5]) | −0.2 ± 0.4 ([−0.9 0.5]) | −8.4 ± 6.0 ([−20.6 3.8]) | −0.8 ± 0.4 ([−1.6–0.1]) | ||
| YA | Mean ± SE (95% CI) | −5.9 ± 1.0 ([−7.9–3.8]) | −5.9 ± 1.1 ([−8–3.7]) | −5.5 ± 1.1 ([−7.6–3.3]) | −5.9 ± 1.0 ([−7.9–3.9]) | −5.9 ± 1.1 ([−8.1–3.8]) | −6.3 ± 1.0 ([−8.3–4.3]) | |
| CV ± SE (95% CI) | 0.3 ± 0.7 ([−1.2 1.8]) | 2.7 ± 2.4 ([−2.2 7.6]) | −12.7 ± 8.7 ([−30.3 4.9]) | −1.0 ± 0.5 ([−1.9–0.1]) | −0.4 ± 7.5 ([−15.6 14.7]) | −0.2 ± 0.5 ([−1.2 0.7]) | ||
| Peak Knee Flexion (°) | OA | Mean ± SE (95% CI) | 14.2 ± 1.6 ([10.9 17.5]) | 17.0 ± 1.6 ([13.8 20.2])^† | 15.3 ± 1.7 ([11.9 18.7]) | 14.1 ± 1.9 ([10.3 18.0]) | 14.4 ± 1.9 ([10.6 18.2])† | 12.0 ± 1.8 ([8.4 15.6]) |
| CV ± SE (95% CI) | 0.6 ± 0.4 ([−0.2 1.3]) | 0.3 ± 0.1 ([0.1 0.4])* | 0.1 ± 0.2 ([−0.2 0.4])* | 0.3 ± 0.1 ([0.2 0.5]) | 0.4 ± 0.1 ([0.2 0.6]) | 0.6 ± 0.7 ([−0.9 2.1]) | ||
| YA | Mean ± SE (95% CI) | 11.8 ± 2.1 ([7.6 16.0]) | 15.7 ± 2.0 ([11.6 19.7])^† | 13.7 ± 2.1 ([9.4 18.0]) | 13.0 ± 2.4 ([8.2 17.8]) | 13.1 ± 2.3 ([8.4 17.8])† | 10.5 ± 2.2 ([6.0 15.0]) | |
| CV ± SE (95% CI) | 0.0 ± 0.5 ([−1.0 0.9]) | 0.5 ± 0.1 ([0.3 0.7])* | 0.8 ± 0.2 ([0.4 1.2])* | 0.4 ± 0.1 ([0.2 0.6]) | 0.4 ± 0.1 ([0.2 0.6]) | −0.8 ± 0.9 ([−2.6 1]) | ||
| Peak Plantarflexion (°) | OA | Mean ± SE (95% CI) | −0.9 ± 1.4 ([−3.7 1.9]) | −1.8 ± 1.6 ([−5.0 1.4]) | −0.1 ± 1.2 ([−2.5 2.4]) | −0.5 ± 1.3 ([−3.1 2.1]) | −2.1 ± 1.4 ([−5.0 0.8]) | −1.6 ± 1.4 ([−4.5 1.3]) |
| CV ± SE (95% CI) | 0.3 ± 0.9 ([−1.5 2.1]) | −0.6 ± 0.9 ([−2.4 1.2]) | 1.2 ± 1.3 ([−1.5 3.9]) | 0.9 ± 1.0 ([−1.2 3.0]) | −0.7 ± 0.4 ([−1.5 0.1]) | 1.3 ± 1.2 ([−1.1 3.6]) | ||
| YA | Mean ± SE (95% CI) | −4.1 ± 1.8 ([−7.7–0.5]) | −7.0 ± 2.0 ([−11.1–2.9])^† | −3.5 ± 1.5 ([−6.6–0.4]) | −3.5 ± 1.6 ([−6.7–0.3]) | −6.1 ± 1.8 ([−9.7–2.5])^ | −4.4 ± 1.8 ([−8.0–0.8]) | |
| CV ± SE (95% CI) | −2 ± 1.1 ([−4.3 0.3]) | −0.2 ± 1.1 ([−2.5 2.1]) | 2.0 ± 1.7 ([−1.4 5.4]) | −0.5 ± 1.3 ([−3.1 2.1]) | −0.8 ± 0.5 ([−1.8 0.1]) | −0.4 ± 1.4 ([−3.3 2.5]) | ||
| Peak Dorsiflexion (°) | OA | Mean ± SE (95% CI) | 2.0 ± 1.1 ([−0.3 4.3])* | 5.5 ± 1.0 ([3.5 7.5])*^† | 2.7 ± 1.0 ([0.7 4.8])* | 2.4 ± 1.1 ([0.1 4.6]) | 5.4 ± 1.4 ([2.6 8.1])^† | 1.8 ± 1.1 ([−0.4 4.1]) |
| CV ± SE (95% CI) | 0.3 ± 0.9 ([−1.5 2.2]) | 0.3 ± 0.2 ([−0.1 0.7]) | 0.7 ± 0.4 ([−0.1 1.4]) | 1.8 ± 1.8 ([−1.8 5.4]) | −0.4 ± 0.7 ([−1.7 0.9]) | −0.3 ± 1.4 ([−3.2 2.5]) | ||
| YA | Mean ± SE (95% CI) | −1.7 ± 1.4 ([−4.6 1.1])* | 1.6 ± 1.3 ([−0.9 4.2])*^† | −1.0 ± 1.3 ([−3.6 1.6])* | −1.0 ± 1.4 ([−3.9 1.8]) | 2.5 ± 1.7 ([−0.9 5.9])^† | −1.1 ± 1.4 ([−3.9 1.8]) | |
| CV ± SE (95% CI) | 0.2 ± 1.2 ([−2.1 2.6]) | 0.4 ± 0.3 ([−0.1 0.9]) | 0.3 ± 0.4 ([−0.6 1.2]) | −0.6 ± 2.2 ([−5.1 3.9]) | 0.9 ± 0.8 ([−0.7 2.5]) | 2.7 ± 1.7 ([−0.8 6.3]) | ||
*
Indicates significant between-subjects difference (p < 0.05).
^
Indicates significantly different from within-subjects pre-transition values (p < 0.05).
†
Indicates significantly different from within-subjects post-transition values (p < 0.05).