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. 2022 Jul 15;41:223. doi: 10.1186/s13046-022-02431-0

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — PDIA3P1 is upregulated in TMZ-resistant cell lines and promotes TMZ resistance. A Heatmap showed that PDIA3P1 was upregulated in TMZ resistance cell lines. B The expression of PDIA3P1 is higher in primary gliomas than in recurrent gliomas. C Survival analysis of GBM patients stratified by whether they received chemotherapy and expression level of PDIA3P1. D Cell viability assay of PDIA3P1-knockdown and control U118MG and U87MG cells treated with various concentrations of TMZ for 48 h. The detailed IC₅₀ were listed in the right panel. E Cell viability assay of PDIA3P1-overexpression and control LN229 and U251 cells treated with various concentrations of TMZ for 48 h. The detailed IC₅₀ were listed in the right panel. F H Bioluminescence imaging of tumor growth in xenograft nude mice with PDIA3P1 knockdown (F) or overexpression (H) and receiving or exempt from TMZ treatment in U118MG and U251 xenografts, respectively. G I The quantification of the photon counts of U118MG and U251 xenografts, respectively. The tumor sizes were monitored on day 5 and day 15