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. 2022 Jul 14;15:93. doi: 10.1186/s13045-022-01312-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Proteomics reveals low expression of GPD1 in human bladder cancer tissues. A The heatmap shows significantly upregulated or downregulated proteins between bladder cancer tissues and matched adjacent normal tissues. B Volcano plot of differentially expressed proteins between bladder cancer tissues and matched adjacent normal tissues. C and D Western blotting to detect GPD1 expression in 4 paired normal and bladder tumor tissue. E GPD1 mRNA expression levels in 31 tumors and their paired normal tissues from TCGA database were analyzed by GEPIA tool. F–H Immunohistochemical examination of GPD1 expression in para-tumor tissue and different stage tumor tissue from patients with bladder cancer. Quantitative evaluation of GPD1 expression represented as IOD/area. I Kaplan–Meier plot for GPD1 gene expression to evaluate the probability of overall survival (OS). J and K Western blotting to detect GPD1 expression in different cell lines. Quantitation of the Western blotting data was performed by ImageJ. L RT-qPCR to detect GPD1 mRNA levels in different cell lines