Table 1.
The characteristics of 104 studies.
| Study | Country | Survey time | Sampling method | Sample size (n =) | Age (year) | Gender (male/female) | Educational level | Majors | Psychological stress | Assessment tool | Investigation method |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gong Chen 2020 | China | 2020.5.2 ~ 2020.5.9 | Handy sampling | 4750 | ≥ 18 | 1652/3098 |
Undergraduate (4184) Postgraduate (566) |
Medical | Anxiety | SAS | Questionnaire |
| Minjiang Ding 2020 | China | 2020.1 | Random sampling | 3055 | ≥ 18 | 1420/1635 |
Undergraduate (2993) Postgraduate (62) |
Multiversity | Fear, Anxiety | Self-made scale | Questionnaire |
| Lan Gao 2020 | China | 2020.2.11 ~ 2020.2.16 | Handy sampling | 5593 | 21 ± 2 | 2290/3303 | Undergraduate | Medical | Depression, Anxiety | PHQ-9, GAD-7 | Questionnaire |
| Gaowen Yu 2020 | China | NR | Random sampling | 427 | NR | 98/329 | Undergraduate | Multiversity | Depression, Anxiety | SAS, SDS | Questionnaire |
| Qingxiang Yu 2020 | China | 2020.2.9 ~ 2020.2.10 | Random sampling | 2074 | NR | 1087/987 |
Junior (747) Senior (1327) |
/ | Depression, Anxiety, fear | Self-made scale | Questionnaire |
| Benyu Zhang 2020 | China | 2020.2.6 ~ 2020.5.26 | Cluster sampling | 5151 | ≥ 18 | 1374/3777 | Undergraduate | Multiversity | Anxiety, Fear | RQ-20, SAS | Questionnaire |
| Xiaolu Zhang 2020 | China | 2020.2 | Random sampling | 1486 | 21.69 ± 2.27 | 453/1033 |
Undergraduate (1371) Postgraduate (115) |
Medical | Depression, Anxiety, Fear | PHQ-9, GAD-7, SSRS | Questionnaire |
| Xuehui Zhang 2020 | China | 2020.2.1 ~ 2020.2.8 | Handy sampling | 1209 | 21.89 ± 3.43 | 527/682 |
Undergraduate (755) Postgraduate (454) |
Medical | Depression, Anxiety | PHQ-9, GAD-7 | Questionnaire |
| Chunz Zhao 2020 | China | NR | Handy sampling | 376 | ≥ 18 | 73/303 | Undergraduate | Multiversity | Depression, Anxiety, Fear | Self-made scale | Questionnaire |
| Kaiheng Zhu 2020 | China | 2020.2.28 ~ 2020.3.5 | Random sampling | 1264 | NR | 707/557 | Primary | / | Anxiety | SCARED | Questionnaire |
| Xiaolin Zhu 2020 | China | 2020.1.30 ~ 2020.2.13 | Handy sampling | 1482 | 21 ± 3 | 458/1024 |
Senior (171) Undergraduate (1027) Postgraduate (284) |
Multiversity | Depression, Anxiety, Pressure | SRQ-20, PHQ-9, GAD-7 | Questionnaire |
| Zengli Zou 2020 | China | 2020.2.15 ~ 2020.2.29 | Handy sampling | 25,286 | ≥ 18 | 7548/17,738 |
Undergraduate (24,157) Postgraduate (1129) |
Medical | Anxiety | SAS | Questionnaire |
| Erke Ke 2021 | China | 2020.3 ~ 2020.4 | Handy sampling | 7755 | 10.73 ± 2.98 | 4249/3506 |
Primary (5282) Junior (1728) Senior (745) |
/ | Anxiety | PSQ | Questionnaire |
| Limu Ke 2021 | China | 2020.2.4. ~ 2020.4.26 | Handy sampling | 1110 | 21.08 ± 1.85 | 395/715 | Undergraduate | Medical | Depression, Anxiety | PHQ-9, GAD-7 | Questionnaire |
| Pei Deng 2021 | China | 2020.2 | Handy sampling | 517 | ≥ 18 | 135/382 | Undergraduate | Multiversity | Anxiety | SAS | Questionnaire |
| Jinghui Chang 2020 | China | 2019.1.13 ~ 2020.2.3 | Handy sampling | 3881 | 19 ~ 20 | 1434/2447 | Undergraduate | Multiversity | Depression, Anxiety | PHQ-9, GAD-7 | Questionnaire |
| Shushen Zheng 2020 | China | NR | Handy sampling | 3823 | 20.03 ± 1.43 | 1293/2530 | Undergraduate | Medical | Depression, Anxiety | SAS, SDS, SSRS | Questionnaire |
| Wen Zhang 2021 | China | 2020.4 ~ 2020.5 | Stratified sampling | 7719 | ≥ 18 | 2686/5033 | Undergraduate | Multiversity | Anxiety, Fear | Self-made scale | Questionnaire |
| Xi Liu 2021 | China | NR | Handy sampling | 1841 | 20.42 ± 1.70 | 773/1068 | Undergraduate | Multiversity | Depression, Anxiety | PHQ-9, GAD-7 | Questionnaire |
| Ya Wang 2020 | China | 2020.2 | Handy sampling | 3178 | ≥ 18 | 878/2300 |
Undergraduate (3170) Postgraduate (8) |
Multiversity | Depression, Anxiety | HAMA, SDS | Questionnaire |
| Pengfei Bi 2021 | China | NR | Random sampling | 330 | 18 ~ 23 | 68/262 | Undergraduate | Medical | Depression, Anxiety, Pressure | DASS-21 | Questionnaire |
| Xiaopan Shi 2021 | China | 2020.2.25 ~ 2020.3.8 | Handy sampling | 1830 | NR | 561/1269 | Undergraduate | Multiversity | Depression, Anxiety | PHQ-9, GAD-7 | Questionnaire |
| Xingjie Yang 2020 | China | 2020.3.8 ~ 2020.3.15 | Handy sampling | 4139 | ≥ 18 | 1431/2708 | Undergraduate | Multiversity | Depression, Anxiety | PHQ-9, GAD-7 | Questionnaire |
| Dandan Shi 2022 | China | 2020.9 | Handy sampling | 7838 | ≥ 18 | 3011/4827 | Undergraduate | Medical | Depression, Anxiety, Fear, Pressure | SCL-90 | Questionnaire |
| Daokai Sun 2021 | China | NR | Handy sampling | 1297 | ≥ 18 | 597/700 | Undergraduate | Multiversity | Anxiety | GAD-7 | Questionnaire |
| Hongli Sun 2021 | China | 2020.2.6 ~ 2020.3.5 | Random sampling | 2597 | NR | 830/1767 | Undergraduate | Multiversity | Fear | Self-made scale | Questionnaire |
| Yuelong Jin 2021 | China | 2020.6 ~ 2020.7 | Cluster sampling | 3781 | 20.37 ± 1.31 | 1950/1831 | Undergraduate | Multiversity | Depression, Anxiety, Pressure | DASS-21 | Questionnaire |
| Yan Jiang 2020 | China | 2020.2.27 ~ 2020.2.29 | Handy sampling | 339 | NR | 162/237 | Undergraduate | Medical | Depression, Anxiety | PHQ-9, GAD-7 | Questionnaire |
| Zhujun Jin 2021 | China | 2020.3 | Handy sampling | 569 | NR | 176/393 | Undergraduate | Multiversity | Depression, Anxiety, Fear, Pressure | Self-made scale | Questionnaire |
| Yanping Li 2021 | China | 2020.5 | Handy sampling | 449 | 18 ~ 26 | 218/231 | Undergraduate | Multiversity | Anxiety | SAS | Questionnaire |
| Hao Wang 2022 | China | 2020.2.23 ~ 2020.4.5 | Handy sampling | 3641 | 22.5 ± 2.35 | 1029/2612 | Undergraduate | Multiversity | Depression, Anxiety, Pressure | DASS-21 | Questionnaire |
| Renli Li 2020 | China | 2019.9 ~ 2020.4 | Random sampling | 2603 | ≥ 18 | 1226/1377 | Undergraduate | Multiversity | Depression, Anxiety, fear | SCL-90 | Questionnaire |
| Yue Li 2021 | China | 2020.2 | Stratified sampling | 2640 | NR | 824/1816 | Undergraduate | Multiversity | Anxiety | SAS | Questionnaire |
| Peijun Liu 2021 | China | 2020.3.8 ~ 2020.3.14 | Handy sampling | 721 | 20.27 ± 2.87 | 238/483 |
Undergraduate (585) Postgraduate (136) |
Medical | Anxiety | SAS | Questionnaire |
| Shuai Wang 2020 | China | 2020.3.8 ~ 2020.3.12 | Handy sampling | 1365 | 18 ~ 28 | 540/825 |
Undergraduate (1047) Postgraduate (318) |
Multiversity | Anxiety | SAS | Questionnaire |
| Shaoyong Ma 2021 | China | 2020.2.2 ~ 2020.2.6 | Handy sampling | 6276 | 20.31 ± 1.51 | 1736/4540 | Undergraduate | Medical | Anxiety | SAS | Questionnaire |
| Qianwen Qiu 2020 | China | 2020.2.16 ~ 2020.2.20 | Handy sampling | 1100 | 18 ~ 25 | 315/785 | Undergraduate | Multiversity | Anxiety | SAS | Questionnaire |
| Jing Wang 2021 | China | 2020.2.18 ~ 2020.2.20 | Handy sampling | 840 | 20.16 ± 2.16 | 276/564 |
Undergraduate (795) Postgraduate (48) |
Multiversity | Depression, Anxiety | SAS, SDS | Questionnaire |
| Nan Wu 2021 | China | 2020.6.9 ~ 2020.6.12 | Cluster sampling | 2702 | 20.5 ± 0.9 | 672/2025 | Undergraduate | Medical | Depression, Anxiety | SAS, SDS | Questionnaire |
| Shuyin Wu 2021 | China | 2020.3 | Handy sampling | 941 | 21.8 ± 2.5 | 381/560 |
Undergraduate (811) Postgraduate (130) |
Multiversity | Depression, Anxiety | PHQ-9, GAD-7 | Questionnaire |
| Ruichen Jiang 2020 | China | 2020.2 | Cluster sampling | 472 | NR | 196/276 | Undergraduate | Multiversity | Depression, Anxiety, Pressure | SCL-90 | Questionnaire |
| Huiqi Wang 2020 | China | 2020.2.16 ~ 2020.2.18 | Handy sampling | 661 | 17.34 ± 1.60 | 305/356 | Senior | / | Depression, Anxiety | PHQ-9, GAD-7 | Questionnaire |
| Yuany Yang 2020 | China | 2020.2.7 ~ 2020.2.9 | Handy sampling | 1667 | 20.57 ± 2.00 | 803/864 |
Undergraduate (1546) Postgraduate (121) |
Multiversity | Depression, Anxiety, fear | PQEEPH | Questionnaire |
| Yuanyuan Zhu 2021 | China | 2020.3.6 ~ 2020.4.1 | Handy sampling | 342 | 20.72 ± 1.39 | 45/297 | Undergraduate | Medical | Depression, Anxiety | PHQ-9, GAD-7, ERQ | Questionnaire |
| Lina Zhao 2021 | China | 2020.3.20 ~ 2020.4.10 | Handy sampling | 666 | ≥ 20 | 262/404 | Undergraduate | Medical | Depression | PHQ-9 | Questionnaire |
| Bo Zhao 2021 | China, Korea | 2020.3.23 ~ 2020.4.12 | Handy sampling | 420 | 22.90 ± 3.30 | 133/287 | Undergraduate | Multiversity | Depression | PHQ-9 | Questionnaire |
| Yiman Huang 2021 | China | 2020.2 ~ 2020.3 | Handy sampling | 3133 | 20.83 ± 1.53 | 889/2224 | Undergraduate | Multiversity | Depression, Anxiety, Pressure | DASS-21 | Questionnaire |
| Chengqi Cao 2021 | China | 2020.7.13 ~ 2020.7.29 | Handy sampling | 57,984 | 14.8 ± 1.6 | 28,089/29,895 |
Junior (41,158) Senior (16,826) |
/ | Depression, Anxiety, Pressure | PHQ-9, GAD-7, GPS-T | Questionnaire |
| Xudong Zhang 2021 | China | 2020.2.21 ~ 2020.2.24 | Handy sampling | 2270 | 18 ~ 25 | 877/1393 | Undergraduate | Multiversity | Depression, Anxiety, Pressure | SAS, SDS, YBOCS | Questionnaire |
| Yanqiu Yu 2021 | China | 2020.2.1 ~ 2020.2.10 | Handy sampling | 23,863 | NR | 7605/16,258 | Undergraduate (23,326) Postgraduate (537) | Multiversity | Depression, Anxiety, Fear | PHQ-9 | Questionnaire |
| Mingli Yu 2021 | China | 2020.3.3 ~ 2020.3.15 | Handy sampling | 1681 | ≥ 18 | 592/1089 | Undergraduate | Multiversity | Depression | CES-D | Questionnaire |
| Xinli Chi 2020 | China | 2020.5.13 ~ 2020.5.20 | Handy sampling | 1794 | 15.26 ± 0.47 | 1007/787 | Junior | / | Depression, Anxiety | PHQ-9, GAD-7 | Questionnaire |
| Z.Ma 2020 | China | 2020.2.3 ~ 2020.2.10 | Handy sampling | 746,217 | 18 ~ 26 | 331,613/414,604 | Undergraduate | Multiversity | Depression, Anxiety, Pressure | IES-6, PHQ-9, GAD-7 | Questionnaire |
| Wenning Fu 2021 | China | 2020.5.10 ~ 2020.6.10 | Handy sampling | 89,588 | 18 ~ 30 | 39,194/50,394 | Undergraduate | Multiversity | Anxiety | GAD-7 | Questionnaire |
| Jincong Yu 2021 | China | 2020.7 ~ 2020.8 | Handy sampling | 9383 | NR | 2685/6698 | Undergraduate | Multiversity | Depression | PHQ-9 | Questionnaire |
| Juan Wang 2021 | China | 2020.2.4 ~ 2020.2.11 | Handy sampling | 538,500 | 6 ~ 12 | 287,189/251,311 | Primary | / | Anxiety | GAD-7 | Questionnaire |
| Qingqing Xu 2021 | China | 2020.2.4 ~ 2020.2.12 | Cluster sampling | 373,216 | 15.24 ± 1.59 | 193,507/179,709 |
Junior (244,193) Senior (129,023) |
/ | Anxiety | GAD-7 | Questionnaire |
| Xiaobin Zhang 2021 | China | 2021.1 ~ 2021.2 | Handy sampling | 22,380 | 12 ~ 17 | 11,809/10,571 | Junior | / | Depression, Anxiety | PHQ-9, GAD-7 | Questionnaire |
| Yi Zhang 2021 | China | 2020.2.4 ~ 2020.2.12 | Handy sampling | 11,787 | 20.51 ± 1.88 | 5056/6731 | Undergraduate | Multiversity | Depression | PHQ-9 | Questionnaire |
| Weiwei Chang 2021 | China | 2019.12 ~ 2020.6 | Handy sampling | 4115 | 20.27 ± 1.30 | 1626/2489 | Undergraduate | Medical | Depression, Anxiety, Pressure | DASS-21 | Questionnaire |
| Mingqiang Xiang 2020 | China | 2020.2.25 ~ 2020.3.5 | Handy sampling | 1396 | 20.68 ± 1.84 | 881/515 | Undergraduate (1314) Postgraduate (82) | Multiversity | Depression, Anxiety | SAS, SDS | Questionnaire |
| Jingyi Wang 2021 | China | 2020.4.16 ~ 2020.5.14 | Handy sampling | 6435 | 15.6 ± 1.7 | 3204/3231 | Senior | / | Depression | CDI | Questionnaire |
| Chenyang Lin 2022 | China | 2020.6.12 ~ 2020.7.14 | Handy sampling | 1881 | 21.39 ± 2.48 | 976/905 |
Undergraduate (1302) Postgraduate (579) |
Multiversity | Depression, Anxiety | PHQ-9, GAD-7 | Questionnaire |
| Pei Xiao 2021 | China | 2020.10 ~ 2020.12 | Cluster sampling | 3951 | 19.58 ± 1.67 | 1674/2277 | Undergraduate | Multiversity | Depression, Anxiety | PHQ-9, GAD-7 | Questionnaire |
| Xiaolei Zheng 2021 | China | 2020.12.17 ~ 2020.12.19 | Random sampling | 954 | 21.1 ± 1.2 | 366/588 |
Undergraduate (877) Postgraduate (77) |
Multiversity | Depression, Anxiety | PHQ-9, GAD-7 | Questionnaire |
| Kaihan Yang 2021 | China | 2020.4 ~ 2020.5 | Handy sampling | 521 | 22.02 ± 1.76 | 117/404 |
Undergraduate (481) Postgraduate (40) |
Multiversity | Anxiety, Fear, Pressure | SAS, SRQ-20 | Questionnaire |
| Peng Xiong 2021 | China | 2020.2.20 ~ 2020.3.20 | Handy sampling | 563 | 21.52 ± 2.50 | 172/391 |
Undergraduate (456) Postgraduate(107) |
Multiversity | Depression, Anxiety, Pressure | DASS-21 | Questionnaire |
| Xiaoyan Wu 2021 | China | 2020.2.4 ~ 2020.2.12 | Random sampling | 11,787 | 20.45 ± 1.76 | 5056/6731 | Undergraduate | Multiversity | Depression, Anxiety | PHQ-9, GAD-7 | Questionnaire |
| Luke 2021 | Malaysia | 2020.7.1 ~ 2020.7.21 | Handy sampling | 316 | 18 ~ 31 | 95/221 | Undergraduate | Medical | Depression, Anxiety, Pressure | DASS-21 | Questionnaire |
| Dongfang Wang 2021 | China | 2020.6.1 ~ 2020.6.15 | Handy sampling | 8921 | 21.59 ± 1.81 | 3064/5857 |
Undergraduate (7428) Postgraduate (1493) |
Multiversity | Depression, Anxiety, Pressure | PHQ-9, GAD-7, IES-6 | Questionnaire |
| Villani 2021 | Italy | 2020.6.8 ~ 2020.7.12 | Handy sampling | 501 | 21 ~ 24 | 143/358 | Undergraduate | Multiversity | Depression, Anxiety, Fear | SAS, SDS, PHE-2 | Questionnaire |
| Simegn2021 | Ethiopia | 2020.6.30 ~ 2020.7.30 | Handy sampling | 423 | 18 ~ 34 | 272/151 | Undergraduate | Multiversity | Depression, Anxiety, Pressure | DASS-21 | Questionnaire |
| Xiaomei Wang 2020 | America | 2020.5.4 ~ 2020.5.19 | Handy sampling | 2031 | 22.88 ± 5.52 | 779/1252 |
Undergraduate (1405) Postgraduate (626) |
Multiversity | Depression, Anxiety, Pressure | PHQ-9, GAD-7 | Questionnaire |
| Sundarasen 2020 | Malaysia | 2020.4.20 ~ 2020.5.24 | Handy sampling | 983 | 17 ~ 25 | 330/653 |
Undergraduate (876) Postgraduate (107) |
Multiversity | Anxiety | SAS | Questionnaire |
| Chinna 2021 | Asia | 2020.4 ~ 2020.5 | Handy sampling | 3679 | NR | 1519/2160 | Undergraduate | Multiversity | Anxiety | SAS | Questionnaire |
| Karen 2021 | Australia | 2020.8 ~ 2020.9 | Handy sampling | 638 | ≥ 18 | NR | Undergraduate | Medical | Depression, Anxiety, Pressure | DASS-21 | Questionnaire |
| Radwan 2021 | Palestine | 2020.6.10 ~ 2020.7.13 | Random sampling | 420 | 10 ~ 18 | 137/283 | Senior | / | Depression, Anxiety, Pressure | DASS-21 | Questionnaire |
| Alsolais 2021 | Saudi Arabia | 2020.4.22 ~ 2020.5.16 | Handy sampling | 492 | 21.77 ± 2.47 | 218/274 | Undergraduate | Medical | Depression, Anxiety, Pressure, Fear | DASS-21 | Questionnaire |
| Abay 2021 | Ethiopia | 2020.4.15 ~ 2020.515 | Handy sampling | 408 | ≥ 18 | 214/194 | Undergraduate | Multiversity | Depression, Anxiety, Pressure | DASS-21 | Questionnaire |
| Ririn 2021 | India | 2020.4 ~ 2020.5 | Stratified sampling | 247 | 17 ~ 24 | 23/224 | Undergraduate | Medical | Anxiety | SAS | Questionnaire |
| Emilijus 2021 | Lithuania | 2021.1.31 ~ 2021.2.7 | Handy sampling | 1001 | 20.8 ± 2.8 | 225/776 | Undergraduate | Multiversity | Depression, Anxiety | HADS | Questionnaire |
| Rogowska 2021 | Poland | 2020.3.30 ~ 2021.6.12 | Handy sampling | 1961 | 23.23 ± 3.16 | 841/1120 |
Undergraduate (1151) Postgraduate (810) |
Multiversity | Anxiety, Pressure | PSS-10, GAD-7 | Questionnaire |
| Kristina 2021 | Germany | 2020.6.29 ~ 2020.7.26 | Handy sampling | 623 | ≥ 18 | 514/109 | Undergraduate | Multiversity | Pressure | Self-made scale | Questionnaire |
| Kezang 2022 | Bhutan | 2020.9.10 ~ 2020.10.10 | Handy sampling | 278 | 21.7 ± 2.07 | 194/84 | Undergraduate | Multiversity | Depression, Anxiety | PHQ-9, GAD-7 | Questionnaire |
| Biswas 2021 | Bengal | 2020.4.21 ~ 2020.5.10 | Handy sampling | 425 | 22.0 ± 1.8 | 160/265 | Undergraduate | Medical | Depression | PHQ-9 | Questionnaire |
| Jesus 2021 | Spain | 2021.2.1 ~ 2021.3.15 | Handy sampling | 517 | 21.03 ± 4.32 | 409/108 | Undergraduate | Multiversity | Anxiety, Fear, Pressure | FCV-19S, GAD-7, BRCS | Questionnaire |
| Adriana 2021 | Brazil | 2020.9.14 ~ 2020.10.19 | Handy sampling | 1224 | ≥ 18 | 384/840 | Undergraduate | Multiversity | Depression, Anxiety, Pressure | DASS-21 | Questionnaire |
| Sarah 2021 | Uganda | 2020.6.29 ~ 2020.7.29 | Handy sampling | 321 | 24.8 ± 5.1 | 198/123 |
Undergraduate (273) Postgraduate (48) |
Multiversity | Depression, Anxiety, Pressure | DASS-21 | Questionnaire |
| Lucia 2021 | Nigeria | 2020.4.29 ~ 2020.5.5 | Handy sampling | 386 | 21.0. ± 2.9 | 154/232 | Undergraduate | Multiversity | Depression, Anxiety | HADS | Questionnaire |
| Chootong 2022 | Thailand | 2021.9 ~ 2021.10 | Handy sampling | 325 | 21 ± 3 | 139/186 | Undergraduate | Medical | Depression, Anxiety | PHQ-9, GAD-7 | Questionnaire |
| Mai Sakai 2022 | Japan | 2020.8.18 ~ 2020.10.31 | Handy sampling | 281 | 18 ~ 22 | 43/238 | Undergraduate | Multiversity | Depression, Anxiety | HADS | Questionnaire |
| Puteikis 2022 | Lithuania | 2021.10.20 ~ 2021.11.20 | Handy sampling | 628 | 16.1 ± 1.2 | 186/442 | senior | / | Depression, Anxiety | BDI, GAD-7, | Questionnaire |
| Rasma 2022 | Bengal | 2020.5 ~ 2020.8 | Handy sampling | 605 | 23.1 ± 3.4 | 245/360 |
Undergraduate (431) Postgraduate (174) |
Multiversity | Anxiety | GAD-7 | Questionnaire |
| Daniel 2022 | Uganda | 2021.6.26 ~ 2021.7.26 | Handy sampling | 338 | ≥ 18 | 213/125 |
Undergraduate (288) Postgraduate (50) |
Multiversity | Anxiety | GAD-7 | Questionnaire |
| Tiange Lu 2022 | China | 2020.3.19 ~ 2020.3.29 | Handy sampling | 795 | 17 ± 1.42 | 582/213 | Senior | / | Depression, Anxiety | SAS, SDS | Questionnaire |
| Maria 2022 | Mexico | NR | Handy sampling | 252 | 21.12 ± 3.21 | 86/166 | Undergraduate | Multiversity | Depression, Anxiety, Pressure | DASS-21 | Questionnaire |
| Mohammad 2022 | Bengal | 2021.1.7 ~ 2021.3.27 | Handy sampling | 731 | ≥ 18 | 355/376 | Undergraduate | Medical | Depression, Anxiety, Pressure | DASS-21 | Questionnaire |
| Scott 2021 | America | 2020.4.13 ~ 2020.4.28 | Handy sampling | 1428 | 22.3 ± 9.0 | 476/952 |
Undergraduate (1400) Postgraduate (28) |
Medical | Depression, Anxiety | PHQ-9, GAD-7 | Questionnaire |
| Kyoko 2021 | Japan | 2020.5.20 ~ 2020.6.16 | Handy sampling | 2449 | 20.5 ± 3.5 | 1330/1119 | Undergraduate | Multiversity | Depression | PHQ-9 | Questionnaire |
| Hakami 2021 | Saudi Arabia | 2020.4.14 ~ 2020.4.26 | Handy sampling | 697 | 21.76 ± 1.86 | 316/381 | Undergraduate | Medical | Depression, Anxiety, Pressure | DASS-21 | Questionnaire |
| Thomas 2021 | Switzerland | 2020.3 ~ 2020.9 | Handy sampling | 3571 | 26.0 ± 5.5 | 1089/2482 | Undergraduate | Multiversity | Depression | PHQ-9 | Questionnaire |
| Abdullah 2021 | Saudi Arabia | 2020.4.21 ~ 20,205.20 | Random sampling | 119 | NR | 101/18 | Undergraduate | Multiversity | Anxiety | GAD-7 | Questionnaire |
| Benojir 2021 | Bengal | 2020.4.23 ~ 2020.4.30 | Handy sampling | 1317 | ≥ 18 | 766/551 |
Undergraduate (846) Postgraduate (471) |
Multiversity | Depression, Anxiety, Fear | GAD-7, FCS-19S, WHO-5 | Questionnaire |
| Beata 2022 | Czech | 2020.1 ~ 2020.6 | Handy sampling | 3099 | ≥ 18 | 955/2144 | Undergraduate | Multiversity | Depression, Anxiety | PHQ-15, GAD-7 | Questionnaire |
SAS Self-rating anxiety scale, PHQ-9 Patient health questionnaire depression module-9, GAD-7 General anxiety disorder-7 item scale, SDS Self-rating depression scale, RQ-20 Relationship questionnaire-20, SSRS Social Support rating scale, SCARED The screen for child anxiety related emotional disorders, SRQ-20 Self-reporting questionnaire-20, HAMA Hamilton anxiety scale, DASS-21 Depression anxiety stress scale-21 item, SCL-90 Symptom checklist 90, PQEEPH Psychological questionnaires for emergent events of public health, ERQ Emotion regulation questionnaire, GPS-T Global pain scale-T, YBOCS Yale-brown obsessive–compulsive scale, CES-D Center for epidemiological survey-depression scale, IES-6 Impact of event scale-revised, CDI Children’s depression inventory, PHE-S Psychometric hepatic encephalopathy score, HADS Hospital anxiety and depression scale, FCV-19S Fear of COVID-19 scale, BDI Beck depression rating scale, / Not reported.