Table 2.
Quality rating of included studies using the criteria of the American Agency for Health Care Quality and Research Cross-Sectional Research Literature Quality Assessment Checklist (AHRQ Checklist).
| Study | Define the information score | List inclusion and exclusion criteria for exposed and unexposed participants (cases and controls) or refer to previous publications | Indicate time period used for identifying patients | Indicate whether participants were consecutive if not population | Indicate if evaluators of subjective components of study were masked to other aspects of the status of the participants | Describe any assessments undertaken for quality assurance purposes | Explain any patient exclusions from analysis | Describe how confounding variables were assessed and/or controlled | If applicable, explain how missing data were handled in the analysis | Summarise patients’ response rates and completeness of data collection | Clarify what follow-up, if any, was expected and the percentage of patients with incomplete data | Total score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gong Chen 2020 | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Unclear | 6 |
| Minjiang Ding 2020 | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Unclear | 8 |
| Lan Gao 2020 | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 6 |
| Gaowen Yu 2020 | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | Unclear | 3 |
| Qingxiang Yu 2020 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | Unclear | 5 |
| Benyu Zhang 2020 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Unclear | 8 |
| Xiaolu Zhang 2020 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 7 |
| Xuehui Zhang 2020 | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Unclear | 8 |
| Chunz Zhao 2020 | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 3 |
| Kaiheng Zhu 2020 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 5 |
| Xiaolin Zhu 2020 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Unclear | 7 |
| Zengli Zou 2020 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Unclear | 8 |
| Erke Ke 2021 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Unclear | 7 |
| Limu Ke 2021 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 7 |
| Pei Deng 2021 | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 5 |
| Jinghui Chang 2020 | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 4 |
| Shushen Zheng 2020 | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 3 |
| Wen Zhang 2021 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Unclear | 8 |
| Xi Liu 2021 | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Unclear | 5 |
| Ya Wang 2020 | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 5 |
| Pengfei Bi 2021 | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 4 |
| Xiaopan Shi 2021 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 5 |
| Xingjie Yang 2020 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 6 |
| Dandan Shi 2022 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 6 |
| Daokai Sun 2021 | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Unclear | 7 |
| Hongli Sun 2021 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 7 |
| Yuelong Jin 2021 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 6 |
| Yan Jiang 2020 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 6 |
| Zhujun Jin 2021 | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 5 |
| Yanping Li 2021 | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 3 |
| Hao Wang 2022 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Unclear | 8 |
| Renli Li 2020 | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 5 |
| Yue Li 2021 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 6 |
| Peijun Liu 2021 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 7 |
| Shuai Wang 2020 | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 5 |
| Shaoyong Ma 2021 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Unclear | 8 |
| Qianwen Qiu 2020 | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Unclear | 7 |
| Jing Wang 2021 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 6 |
| Nan Wu 2021 | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 5 |
| Shuyin Wu 2021 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 6 |
| Ruichen Jiang 2020 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Unclear | 8 |
| Huiqi Wang 2020 | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 5 |
| Yuany Yang 2020 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Unclear | 8 |
| Yuanyuan Zhu 2021 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | 7 |
| Lina Zhao 2021 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 6 |
| Bo Zhao 2021 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | 8 |
| Yiman Huang 2021 | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | 5 |
| Chenqi Cao 2021 | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 5 |
| Xudong Zhang 2021 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | 6 |
| Yanqiu Yu 2021 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 7 |
| Mingli Yu 2021 | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 5 |
| Xinli Chi 2020 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Unclear | 8 |
| Z.Ma 2020 | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 6 |
| Wenning Fu 2021 | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 5 |
| Jincong Yu 2021 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | 8 |
| Juan Wang 2021 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 6 |
| Qingqing Xu 2021 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | 7 |
| Xiaobin Zhang 2021 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | 6 |
| Yi Zhang 2021 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | 6 |
| Weiwei Chang 2021 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | 8 |
| Mingqiang Xiang 2020 | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | 5 |
| Jingyi Wang 2021 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 7 |
| Chenyang Lin 2022 | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 5 |
| Pei Xiao 2021 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 7 |
| Xiaolei Zheng 2021 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 6 |
| Kaihan Yang 2021 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 6 |
| Peng Xiong 2021 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Unclear | 8 |
| Xiaoyan Wu 2021 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 6 |
| Luke 2021 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Unclear | 7 |
| Dongfang Wang 2021 | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 5 |
| Villani 2021 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 6 |
| Simegn 2021 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Unclear | 8 |
| Xiaomei Wang 2020 | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 5 |
| Sundarasen 2020 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 6 |
| Chinna 2021 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | 8 |
| Karen 2021 | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | 3 |
| Radwan 2021 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | 7 |
| Alsolais 2021 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | 6 |
| Abay 2021 | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | 5 |
| Ririn 2021 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 6 |
| Emilijus 2021 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 6 |
| Rogowska 2021 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Unclear | 8 |
| Kristina 2021 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Unclear | 8 |
| Kezang 2022 | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 5 |
| Biswas 2021 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 6 |
| Jesus 2021 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 7 |
| Adriana 2021 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 6 |
| Sarah 2021 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Unclear | 7 |
| Lucia 2021 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 6 |
| Chootong 2022 | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | 4 |
| Mai Sakai 2022 | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | 5 |
| Puteikis 2022 | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | 5 |
| Rasma 2022 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 7 |
| Daniel 2022 | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 5 |
| Tiange Lu 2022 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 6 |
| Maria 2022 | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 3 |
| Mohammad 2022 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 6 |
| Scott 2021 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 6 |
| Kyoko 2021 | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 5 |
| Hakami 2021 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Unclear | 7 |
| Thomas 2021 | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 3 |
| Abdullah 2021 | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 3 |
| Benojir 2021 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | 7 |
| Beata 2022 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Unclear | 6 |