Skip to main content
. 2022 Jul 15;12:12118. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-16328-7

Table 3.

Subgroup analysis of psychological stress responses in the student population during COVID-19.

a. Subgroup analysis of the incidence of depression
Variable k Proportion 95% CI I2 τ2 p
Gender
Male 30 0.32 [0.26 ~ 0.39] 100% 0.0394 p = 0
Female 30 0.36 [0.28 ~ 0.44] 100% 0.0564 p = 0
Research period

Early stage of COVID-19 outbreak

(2019.12 ~ 2020.5)

 45 0.31 [0.26 ~ 0.37] 100% 0.0403 p = 0
The normalization stage of COVID-19 (2020.6 ~ Now) 27 0.35 [0.28 ~ 0.43] 100% 0.0452 p = 0
Sample source region
Eastern Asia 52 0.27 [0.23 ~ 0.32] 100% 0.0325 p = 0
Western Asia 4 0.46 [0.35 ~ 0.57] 96% 0.0120 p < 0.01
Southern Asia 5 0.48 [0.30 ~ 0.65] 98% 0.0406 p < 0.01
Europe 5 0.38 [0.20 ~ 0.58] 99.7% 0.0507 p < 0.01
North America 3 0.34 [0.21 ~ 0.48] 99% 0.0155 p < 0.01
South America 1 0.61 [0.58 ~ 0.63] NA NA NA
Africa 4 0.60 [0.36 ~ 0.82] 99% 0.0618 p < 0.01
Oceania 1 0.48 [0.44 ~ 0.52] NA NA NA
Educational stage
Undergraduate and Postgraduate 65 0.33 [0.28 ~ 0.38] 100% 0.0429 p = 0
Middle school 9 0.28 [0.20 ~ 0.35] 100% 0.0169 p = 0
Major
Medical 29 0.33 [0.26 ~ 0.40] 100% 0.0391 p = 0
Non-medical 30 0.39 [0.33 ~ 0.45] 100% 0.0299 p = 0
Evaluation tool
PHQ-9 36 0.33 [0.28 ~ 0.38] 100% 0.0279 p = 0
SDS 8 0.35 [0.20 ~ 0.53] 100% 0.0673 p = 0
DASS-21 16 0.37 [0.26 ~ 0.49] 100% 0.0578 p = 0
SCL-90 2 0.13 [0.01 ~ 0.34] 99% 0.0325 p < 0.01
HADS 3 0.31 [0.09 ~ 0.58] 99% 0.0640 p < 0.01
Self-made scale 4 0.25 [0.18 ~ 0.33] 95% 0.0080 p < 0.01
b. Subgroup analysis of the incidence of anxiety
Variable k Proportion 95% CI I2 τ2 p
Gender
Male 37 0.24 [0.19 ~ 0.29] 100% 0.0332 p = 0
Female 37 0.27 [0.21 ~ 0.33] 100% 0.0423 p = 0
Research period
Early stage of COVID-19 outbreak (2019.12 ~ 2020.5) 61 0.24 [0.20 ~ 0.29] 100% 0.0401 p = 0
The normalization stage of COVID-19 (2020.6 ~ Now) 25 0.37 [0.27 ~ 0.47] 100% 0.0674 p = 0
Sample source region
Eastern Asia 64 0.22 [0.18 ~ 0.26] 100% 0.0388 p = 0
Western Asia 4 0.44 [0.35 ~ 0.54] 94% 0.0085 p < 0.01
Southern Asia 8 0.36 [0.27 ~ 0.47] 98% 0.0222 p < 0.01
Europe 6 0.43 [0.37 ~ 0.49] 95% 0.0064 p < 0.01
North America 3 0.35 [0.30 ~ 0.40] 91% 0.0017 p < 0.01
South America 1 0.53 [0.50 ~ 0.55] NA NA NA
Africa 5 0.67 [0.41 ~ 0.88] 99% 0.0855 p < 0.01
Oceania 1 0.37 [0.33 ~ 0.41] NA NA NA
Educational stage
Undergraduate and Postgraduate 80 0.29 [0.25 ~ 0.33] 100% 0.0487 p = 0
Middle school 9 0.25 [0.12 ~ 0.40] 100% 0.0658 p = 0
Primary school 2 0.15 [0.10 ~ 0.22] 97% 0.0036 p < 0.01
Major
Medical 34 0.25 [0.20 ~ 0.30] 100 0.0307 p = 0
Non-medical 31 0.41 [0.33 ~ 0.49] 100 0.0491 p = 0
Evaluation tool
GAD-7 39 0.30 [0.25 ~ 0.35] 100% 0.0291 p = 0
SAS 23 0.19 [0.14 ~ 0.25] 100% 0.0302 p = 0
DASS-21 17 0.42 [0.31 ~ 0.54] 100% 0.0639 p = 0
SCL-90 3 0.11 [0.00 ~ 0.34] 99% 0.0621 p < 0.01
HADS 3 0.48 [0.40 ~ 0.55] 84% 0.0038 p < 0.01
Self-made scale 5 0.23 [0.03 ~ 0.56] 100% 0.1531 p = 0
c. Subgroup analysis of the incidence of pressure
Variable k Proportion 95% CI I2 τ2 p
Gender
Male 11 0.16 [0.12 ~ 0.21] 96% 0.0090 p < 0.01
Female 11 0.19 [0.12 ~ 0.28] 99% 0.0268 p < 0.01
Research period
Early stage of COVID-19 outbreak (2019.12 ~ 2020.5) 15 0.29 [0.17 ~ 0.43] 100% 0.0827 p = 0
The normalization stage of COVID-19 (2020.6 ~ Now) 14 0.35 [0.25 ~ 0.47] 100% 0.0495 p = 0
Sample source region
Eastern Asia 15 0.18 [0.10 ~ 0.28] 100% 0.0504 p = 0
Western Asia 3 0.38 [0.28 ~ 0.48] 93% 0.0079 p < 0.01
Southern Asia 2 0.52 [0.33 ~ 0.71] 96% 0.0188 p < 0.01
Europe 3 0.47 [0.32 ~ 0.62] 99% 0.0173 p < 0.01
North America 2 0.48 [0.09 ~ 0.89] 99% 0.1093 p < 0.01
South America 1 0.58 [0.55 ~ 0.60] NA NA NA
Africa 3 0.52 [0.24 ~ 0.79] 99% 0.0665 p < 0.01
Oceania 1 0.40 [0.36 ~ 0.44] NA NA NA
Educational stage
Undergraduate and Postgraduate 28 0.31 [0.22 ~ 0.40] 100% 0.0676 p = 0
Middle school 2 0.31 [0.06 ~ 0.64] 99% 0.0583 p < 0.01
Major
Medical 9 0.28 [0.18 ~ 0.40] 99% 0.0349 p < 0.01
Non-medical 15 0.41 [0.29 ~ 0.54] 100% 0.0661 p = 0
Evaluation tool
SRQ-20 2 0.60 [0.18 ~ 0.94] 100% 0.1018 p < 0.01
IES-6 2 0.21 [0.03 ~ 0.49] 100% 0.0456 p = 0
DASS-21 17 0.31 [0.21 ~ 0.42] 100% 0.0584 p = 0
SCL-90 2 0.19 [0.11 ~ 0.29] 96% 0.0033 p < 0.01
Self-made scale 3 0.17 [0.02 ~ 0.40] 99% 0.0536 p < 0.01
d. Subgroup analysis of the incidence of fear
Variable k Proportion 95% CI I2 τ2 p
Research period
Early stage of COVID-19 outbreak (2019.12 ~ 2020.5) 13 0.34 [0.18 ~ 0.51] 100% 0.1084 p = 0
The normalization stage of COVID-19 (2020.6 ~ Now) 3 0.40 [0.05 ~ 0.84] 100% 0.1730 p = 0
Sample source region
Eastern Asia 13 0.24 [0.12 ~ 0.39] 100% 0.0864 p = 0
Western Asia 2 0.70 [0.31 ~ 0.96] 100% 0.0796 p < 0.01
Europe 2 0.64 [0.61 ~ 0.67] 0% 0.0000 p = 0.78