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. 2022 Jul 14;18(1):76–92. doi: 10.22599/bioj.267

Table 4.

Frequencies of symptoms for all participants and among gender and age groups.


SYMPTOMS TOTAL (ALL) AGE GROUP GENDER

10–18 (N = 85) 19–40 (N = 169) MALES (N = 94) FEMALES (N = 160)



N (%) N (%) χ2(P-VALUE) OR (95% CI) χ2(P-VALUE) OR (95% CI)

All 180 (70.9) 63 117 61 119

Headaches n (%) n (%)

    Temporal 47 (18.5) 17 (20.2) 30 (17.7) 11 (11.8) 36 (22.5)

    Frontal 34 (13.4) 11 (13.1) 23 (13.6) 12 (12.9) (13.7)

    General (diffuse) 21 (8.3) 8(9.5) 13 (7.6) 4.83 (0.30) 1.29 (0.7–2.19) 10 (10.7) 11 96.8) 5.39 (0.25) n/applicable


    Occipital 2 (0.7) 2 (2.3) 0 (0.0) 1 (1.0) 1 (0.6)

    Total 104 (41.1) 38 (45.2) 66(39.0) 34 (36.5) 70 (43.7) 0.9 (0.30) 0.7 (0.4–1.2)

    Tearing 70 (27.6) 30 (35.7) 40 (23.6) 4.0 (0.04)* 1.7 (1.0–3.1) 24 (25.8) 46 (28.7) 0.1 (0.70) 0.8 (0.4–1.5)

    Photophobia 63 (24.9) 18 (21.3) 45 (26.6) 0.5 (0.42) 07 (0.4–1.4) 21 (22.5) 41 (25.6) 0.1 (0.60) 0.8 (0.4–1.5)

    Painful/sore 39 (15.4) 15 (17.8) 24 (14.2) 0.3 (0.50) 1.3(0.6–2.6) 12 (12.9) 27 (16.8) 0.4 (0.30) 0.3 (0.35–1.5)

    Itchy 38 (15.2) 33 (44.0) 40(32.3) 122 (0.26) 0.6 (0.36–1.14) 28 (36.8) 47 (38.5) 0.1 (0.81) 1.0 (0.59–1.94)

    Redness 34 (13.4) 14 (16.6) 20 (11.8) 0.7 (0.03) 1.4 (0.7–1.3) 13 (13.9) 21(13.1) 0.0 (0.02) 1.0 (0.5–2.2)

    Tired eyes 33 (13.0) 4 (4.7) 29 (17.6) 6.5 (0.01)* 0.2 (0.08–0.71) 8 (8.6) 25 (15.6) 1.8 (0.12) 0.5 (0.2–1.1)

    Grittiness 14 (5.5) 2 (2.3) 12 (7.1) 1.5 (0.22) 0.3 (0.0–1.4) 5 (5.3) 9 (5.6) 0.0 (0.80) 0.9 (0.3–2.9)

    Near blur 8 (3.1) 2 (2.3) 6 (3.5) 0.0 (0.90) 0.6 (0.1 –3.3) 4 (4.3) 4 (2.5) 0.1 (0.60) 1.7 (0.4–2.9)

    Diplopia 6 (2.3) 3 (3.5) 3 (1.7) 0.2 (0.60) 2.0 (0.4–10.3) 4 (4.3) 2 (1.5) 1.2 (0.20) 3.5 (0.6–19.7)

*Variables with asterisk indicate significant associations.