Table 5.
Frequency of symptoms and associations with anomalies.
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| VARIABLES | SYMPTOMATIC PARTICIPANTS | 1 SYMPTOM | 2 SYMPTOMS | 3 OR MORE SYMPTOMS | NO SYMPTOMS | TOTAL | χ2(P-VALUE) | |
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| GENDER | χ2(P-VALUE) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | ||
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| Male | 61 (24.4) | 1.52 (0.01) | 15 (6.2) | 12 (4.8) | 34 (13.6) | 33 (12.0) | 94 (37.2) | 0.009 (0.92 |
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| Female | 118 (47.2) | 27 (10.8) | 34 (13.6) | 57 (22.8) | 42 (15.4) | 160 (62.8) | ||
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| Total | 179 (72.6) | 42 (17.0) | 46 (18.4) | 91(36.4) | 75 (27.4) | 254 (100) | ||
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| Age (years) | ||||||||
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| 10–18 | 70 (28) | 8.23 (0.01)* | 20 (8.0) | 17 (6.8) | 33 (13.2) | 14 (5.6) | 84 (33.6) | 10.59 (0.01)* |
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| 19–40 | 110 (44) | 23 (9.2) | 29 (11.6) | 58 (23.2) | 59 (23.6) | 169 (67.6) | ||
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| Total | 180 (72.0) | 43 (17.2) | 46 (184.) | 91 (36.4) | 73 (29.2) | 254 (100) | ||
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| Anomalies | ||||||||
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| Refractive error | ||||||||
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| Myopia | 41 (16.4) | 1.88 (0.39) | 15 (6.0) | 10 (4) | 16 (6.4) | 8 (3.2) | 49 (19.6) | 7.31 (0.29) |
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| Hyperopia | 55 (22.0) | 9 (3.6) | 18 (7.2) | 28 (11.2) | 20 (8) | 75 (30) | ||
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| Astigmatism | 23 (9.2) | 7 (2.8) | 7 (2.8) | 9 (3.6) | 6 (2.4) | 29 (11.6) | ||
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| Total | 119 (47.6) | 31(12.0) | 35(14) | 53 (21) | 30 (12.0) | 153 (61.2) | ||
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| Emmetropia (0 to ± 0.25 DS) | 84 (33.6) | 19.96(0.01)* | 19 (7.6) | 18 (7.2) | 47 (18.8) | 21 (8.4) | 105 (42.0) | |
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| Low astigmatism (0.25–0.5) DC | 112 (44.8) | 35 (217) | 37 (23.0) | 71 (44.1) | 24 (10.0) | 136 (54.4) | ||
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| Anisometropia | 0.17(0.61) | 5 (2.0) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 3 (1.2) | 9 (3.6) | ||
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| Syndromes | ||||||||
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| Vergence anomalies | ||||||||
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| Convergence insufficiency | 16 (6.4) | 3.85 (0.41) | 3 (1.2) | 2 (0.8) | 11 (4.4) | 5 (2) | 21 (8.4) | 5.45(0.48) |
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| Convergence excess | 2 (0.8) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.4) | 3 (1.2) | 5 (2.0) | ||
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| Fusional vergence dysfunction | 11 (4.4) | 1 (0.4) | 2 (0.8) | 8 (3.2) | 2 (0.8) | 13 (5.2) | ||
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| Total | 26 (11.6) | 4 (2.0) | 4 (2.0) | 20 (8.0) | 10(4.0) | 39 (15.6) | ||
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| Accommodative anomalies | ||||||||
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| Accommodative insufficiency | 13 (5.2) | 0.50 (0.78) | 2 (0.8) | 2 (0.8) | 9 (3.6) | 4 (1.6) | 17 (6.8) | 1.27(0.97) |
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| Accommodative excess | 4 (1.6) | 1 (0.4) | 1 (0.4) | 2 (0.8) | 1 (0.4) | 5 (2.0) | ||
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| Accommodative infacility | 22 (8.8) | 5 (2.0) | 3 (1.2) | 14 (5.6) | 10 (4.0) | 32 (12.8) | ||
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| Total | 39 (15.6) | 8 (3.0) | 6 (2.4) | 25 (10.0) | 15(6.4) | 54 (21.6) | ||
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| Single measure anomalies | ||||||||
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| Vergence anomalies | ||||||||
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| Receded near point of convergence break | 28 (11.2) | 4.20 (0.52) | 7 (2.8) | 7 (2.8) | 14 (5.6) | 5 (2.0) | 33 (13.2) | 9.05 (0.87) |
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| High exophoria | 28 (11.2) | 8 (3.2) | 3 (1.2) | 17 (6.8) | 8 (3.2) | 36 (14.4) | ||
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| High esophoria | 9 (3.6) | 2 (0.8) | 2 (0.8) | 5 (2.0) | 6 (2.4) | 15 (6.2) | ||
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| Reduced positive fusional vergence break | 29 (11.6) | 5 (2) | 5 (2) | 19 (7.6) | 8 (3.2) | 37 (14.8) | ||
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| Reduced negative fusional vergence break | 34 (13.6) | 9 (3.6) | 9 (3.6) | 16 (6.4) | 9 (3.6) | 43 (17.2) | ||
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| Total | 128 (51.2) | 31(12.0) | 26 (10.0) | 71 (28) | 36 (14.4) | 164 (65.6) | ||
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| Accommodative anomalies | ||||||||
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| Reduced binocular amplitude of accommodation | 29 (11.6) | 10.5 (0.06) | 6 (2.4) | 4 (1.6) | 19 (7.6) | 7 (2.8) | 36 (14.4) | 21.97 (0.10) |
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| Reduced binocular accommodative facility | 20 (8.0) | 3 (1.2) | 9 (3.6) | 8 (3.2) | 5 (2) | 25 (10.0) | ||
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| High Lag of accommodation | 12 (4.8) | 2 (0.8) | 5 (2.0) | 5 (2.0) | 1 (0.4) | 13 (5.2) | ||
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| High lead of accommodation | 8 (3.2) | 1 (0.4) | 1 (0.4) | 6 (2.4) | 5 (2.4) | 13 (5.2) | ||
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| Negative relative accommodation | 59 (23.6) | 9 (3.6) | 10 (4.0) | 29 (11.6) | 17 (6.8) | 76 (30.4) | ||
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| Positive relative accommodation | 30 (12.2) | 17 (10.8) | 13 (5.2) | 20 (8.0) | 25 (10.0) | 55 (22.0) | ||
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| Total | 158 (63.2) | 38 (15.2) | 42 (16.8) | 87 (34.8) | 60 (24.0) | 218 (87.2) | ||
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*Variables with asterisk indicate significant associations. Table format was adapted from Hashemi et al. 2019.