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. 2022 Jun 30;14:927315. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.927315

Table 1.

Characteristics of randomized controlled trials included in the meta-analysis.

Participant characteristics Intervention protocol
References Country Study design Age, mean (SD) N (EG/CG) H&Y Med Intervention Control Outcome Adverse effects
Schmitz-Hübsch et al. (2006) Germany RCT EG:64(8) CG:63(8) 56 (32/24) NA ON Qigong 1 × 90 min/week 16 weeks No intervention UPDRS-III NR
Hackney and Earhart (2008) USA RCT EG:64.9(8.3) CG:62.6(10.2) 23 (17/16) 1.5–3 ON Tai Chi 2 × 60 min/week 13 weeks No intervention UPDRS-III; BBS; TUG; gait velocity; 6 MWT; stride length; OLBB NR
Li et al. (2012) USA RCT EG:68(9) CG1:69(8) CG2:69(9) 195 (65/65/65) 1–4 ON Tai Chi 2 × 60 min/week 24 weeks Stretching; resistance UPDRS-III; TUG; gait velocity; stride length; Fall (n = 11)
Muscle pain (n = 6)
Dizziness (n = 5)
Hypotension (n = 4)
Amano et al. (2013) USA RCT EG:66(11) CG:66(7) 24(15/9) 2–3 ON Tai Chi 3 × 60 min/week 16 weeks No intervention UPDRS-III; gait velocity gait cadence; step length NR
Choi et al. (2013) Korea RCT EG:60.81(7.6) CG:65.54(6.8) 20 (11/9) 1–2 ON Tai Chi 3 × 60 min/week 12 weeks No intervention UPDRS-III; TUG; 6 MWT; OLBB NR
Gao et al. (2014) China RCT EG:69.54(7.32) CG:68.28(8.53) 76 (37/39) 1–4 ON Tai Chi 3 × 60 min/week 12 weeks No intervention UPDRS-III; BBS; TUG NR
Zhang et al. (2015) China RCT EG:66(11.8) CG:64.35(10.53) 40 (20/20) 1–3 ON Tai Chi 2 × 60 min/week 12 weeks Multimodal exercise training UPDRS-III; BBS; TUG; gait velocity; stride length NR
Xiao and Zhuang (2016) China RCT EG:66.52(2.13) CG:68.17(2.27) 89 (45/44) 1–3 ON Qigong (Baduanjin) 4 × 75 min/week 24 weeks Walking UPDRS-III; BBS; TUG; Gait velocity; 6 MWT; stride length NR
Xiao et al. (2016) China RCT EG/CG:67.8(9.4) 68(35/33) NA ON Qigong (Baduanjin) 4 × 60 min/week 24 weeks Conventional training UPDRS-III; BBS; TUG; Gait velocity; 6 MWT NR
Liu et al. (2016) China RCT EG:65.84(5.45) CG:62.5(3.13) 41(23/18) NA ON Qigong 5 × 60 min/week 10 weeks Daily activities One legged blind balance; TUG NR
Lee et al. (2018) Korea RCT EG:65.8(7.2) CG:65.7(6.4) 41(25/16) 1–3 ON Qigong (QI Dance) 2 × 60 min/week 8 weeks No intervention UPDRS-III; BBS NR
Kurt et al. (2018) Turkey RCT EG:62.41 (6.76) CG:63.61(7.18) 40(20/20) 2–3 ON Tai Chi (Ai Chi) 5 × 60 min/week 5 weeks Land-based exercise UPDRS-III; berg; TUG NR
Vergara-Diaz et al. (2018) USA RCT EG:65.7(3.86) CG:62.0(7.77) 25(12/13) 2–2.5 OFF Tai Chi 2 × 60 min/week 24 weeks Usual healthcare UPDRS-III; TUG; gait velocity; NR
Wan et al. (2021) China RCT EG:64.95(7.83) CG:67.03(7.47) 40(20/20) 1–4 ON Qigong 4 × 60 min/week 12 weeks No intervention TUG; gait velocity; stride length; gait cadence; OLBB NR
Li et al. (2022) China RCT EG:62.7(5.51) CG1:61.9(5.64) CG2:61.9(6.76) 95(32/31/32) 1–2.5 ON Tai Chi 2 × 60 min/week 48 weeks Brisk walking; no intervention UPDRS-III; BBS; TUG; gait velocity; gait cadence; stride length; step length NR

UPDRS-III, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part III; BBS, Berg Balance Scales; 6 MWT, 6 min walking test; TUG, time up and go test; OLBB, one legged blind balance; H&Y, Hoehn and Yahr stage; NA, not available; Med, anti-Parkinson medication (“OFF” refers to medication off during measurement); NR, no report; EG, experimental group; CG, control group.