TABLE 2.
Associations of central obesity and being overweight in school‐aged children with the onset of paediatric autoimmune diseases (DM, AIT, JIA, and IBD) a
| Baseline anthropometric measures | Cases a | Controls b | Odds ratio (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | Adjusted | ||||
| Autoimmune diseases | Central obesity, n (%) | N = 105 | N = 420 | ||
| No (WHTR<0.5) | 86 (81.9) | 373 (88.8) | Reference | Reference | |
| Yes (WHTR ≥0.5) | 17 (16.2) | 41 (9.8) | 1.93 (1.04–3.57) | 2.11 (1.11–3.98) | |
| Missing | 2 (1.9) | 6 (1.4) | |||
| BMI categories, n (%) | |||||
| Normal weight | 83 (79.0) | 356 (84.8) | Reference | Reference | |
| Overweight | 20 (19.0) | 60 (14.3) | 1.51 (0.86–2.67) | 1.60 (0.89–2.87) | |
| Missing | 2 (1.9) | 4 (1.0) | |||
| DM | Central obesity, n (%) | N = 34 | N = 136 | ||
| No (WHTR<0.5) | 26 (76.5) | 122 (89.7) | Reference | Reference | |
| Yes (WHTR ≥0.5) | 6 (17.6) | 12 (8.8) | 2.97 (0.97–9.05) | 3.20 (0.97–10.5) | |
| Missing | 2 (5.9) | 2 (1.5) | |||
| BMI categories, n (%) | |||||
| Normal weight | 28 (82.4) | 113 (83.1) | Reference | Reference | |
| Overweight | 4 (11.7) | 22 (16.2) | 0.80 (0.24–2.71) | 0.86 (0.24–3.04) | |
| Missing | 2 (5.9) | 1 (0.7) | |||
| AIT | Central obesity, n (%) | N = 39 | N = 156 | ||
| No (WHTR<0.5) | 34 (87.2) | 139 (89.1) | Reference | Reference | |
| Yes (WHTR ≥0.5) | 5 (12.8) | 16 (10.3) | 1.28 (0.44–3.70) | 1.36 (0.45–4.10) | |
| Missing | 0 | 1 (0.6) | |||
| BMI categories, n (%) | |||||
| Normal weight | 30 (76.9) | 133 (85.3) | Reference | Reference | |
| Overweight | 9 (23.1) | 23 (14.7) | 1.66 (0.73–2.80) | 1.70 (0.72–4.02) | |
| Missing | 0 | 0 | |||
| JIA | Central obesity, n (%) | N = 18 | N = 72 | ||
| No (WHTR <0.5) | 15 (83.3) | 61 (84.7) | Reference | Reference | |
| Yes (WHTR ≥0.5) | 3 (16.7) | 8 (11.1) | 1.61 (0.38–6.81) | 1.55 (0.28–8.63) | |
| Missing | 0 | 3 (4.2) | |||
| BMI categories, n (%) | |||||
| Normal weight | 14 (77.8) | 60 (83.3) | Reference | Reference | |
| Overweight | 4 (22.2) | 9 (12.5) | 2.01 (0.54–7.51) | 1.76 (0.36–8.59) | |
| Missing | 2 (11.1) | 3 (4.2) | |||
| IBD | Central obesity, n (%) | N = 14 | N = 56 | ||
| No (WHTR<0.5) | 11 (78.6) | 51 (91.1) | Reference | Reference | |
| Yes (WHTR ≥0.5) | 3 (21.4) | 5 (8.9) | 2.90 (0.56–15.0) | 2.55 (0.45–14.6) | |
| Missing | 0 | 0 | |||
| BMI categories, n (%) | |||||
| Normal weight | 11 (78.6) | 50 (89.3) | Reference | Reference | |
| Overweight | 3 (21.4) | 6 (10.7) | 1.66 (0.73–2.80) | 2.16 (0.34–13.7) | |
| Missing | 0 | 0 | |||
Data were collected approximately 2 years prior to diagnosis. Median age at the time of the diagnosis was 13.75 (IQR 12.25–15.54).Of the 11 407 school‐aged children in the background cohort, 105 children who obtained primary diagnosis (AIT, autoimmune thyroiditis; DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus; IBD, inflammatory bowel diseases; JIA, juvenile idiopathic arthritis) at least 1 month after baseline and had available Food Frequency Questionnaire generated the case group. OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; WHTR, waist to height ratio; BMI, body mass index, weight (kg)/height2 (m2). Categorization was based on IOTF cut‐offs. 24 No children were underweight in this study.
Each child in the case group were compared with four children in the control group with matching age, sex, and residential area using conditional logistic regression test. Adjusted OR considered breakfast pattern, meal pattern, and eating habits.