TABLE 2.
Associations of maternal and paternal tobacco and cannabis use with childhood body fat outcomes at age 10 years
| Tobacco only | Body mass index (SDS) a (n = 4252) | Android‐gynoid ratio (SDS) a (n = 4208) | Fat mass index (SDS) a (n = 4199) | Fat‐free mass index (SDS) a (n = 4199) | Overweight b (n = 4252) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Difference (95% CI) | Difference (95% CI) | Difference (95% CI) | Difference (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Maternal use | |||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| First trimester only | 0.02 (−0.09, 0.13) | 0.11 (0.00, 0.21)* | −0.02 (−0.12, 0.08) | 0.03 (−0.07, 0.13) | 1.16 (0.85, 1.60) |
| Continued | 0.16 (0.07, 0.25)** | 0.22 (0.13, 0.30)** | 0.20 (0.12, 0.28)** | 0.07 (−0.01, 0.16) | 1.35 (1.07, 1.71)** |
| <5 per day | 0.10 (−0.02, 0.23) | 0.13 (0.00, 0.25)* | 0.11 (0.00, 0.22) | 0.04 (−0.08, 0.16) | 1.13 (0.81, 1.60) |
| ≥5 per day | 0.21 (0.10, 0.33)** | 0.29 (0.18, 0.40)** | 0.28 (0.18, 0.38)** | 0.10 (−0.01, 0.21) | 1.54 (1.15, 2.07)** |
| Paternal use | |||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 0.13 (0.06, 0.19)** | 0.17 (0.11, 0.23)** | 0.15 (0.09, 0.20)** | 0.03 (−0.03, 0.09) | 1.30 (1.09, 1.55)** |
| <5 per day | 0.07 (−0.02, 0.15) | 0.08 (0.00, 0.17) | 0.06 (−0.02, 0.13) | 0.02 (−0.06, 0.10) | 1.10 (0.85, 1.44) |
| ≥5 per day | 0.16 (0.09, 0.24)** | 0.22 (0.15, 0.29)** | 0.21 (0.14, 0.27)** | 0.03 (−0.03, 0.10) | 1.40 (1.15, 1.72)** |
| Cannabis | Body mass index (SDS) a (n = 4781) | Android‐gynoid ratio (SDS) a (n = 4732) | Fat mass index (SDS) a (n = 4721) | Fat‐free mass index (SDS) a (n = 4721) | Overweight b (n = 4781) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Difference (95% CI) | Difference (95% CI) | Difference (95% CI) | Difference (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Maternal use | |||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Cannabis before | 0.08 (−0.10, 0.25) | 0.01 (−0.16, 0.18) | 0.03 (−0.13, 0.19) | 0.15 (−0.02, 0.32) | 1.25 (0.75, 2.08) |
| Cannabis during | 0.26 (0.08, 0.44)** | 0.21 (0.04, 0.39)** | 0.14 (−0.02, 0.30) | 0.24 (0.06, 0.41)** | 1.33 (0.82, 2.16) |
| Continued tobacco only | 0.17 (0.08, 0.25)** | 0.21 (0.13, 0.30)** | 0.21 (0.13, 0.28)** | 0.07 (−0.01, 0.15) | 1.34 (1.07, 1.69)** |
| Paternal use | |||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Cannabis use | 0.12 (0.03, 0.22)** | 0.12 (0.02, 0.22)** | 0.08 (−0.01, 0.17) | 0.17 (0.08, 0.27)** | 1.29 (0.99, 1.69) |
Note: Confounder parental models were adjusted for maternal age, maternal education, maternal ethnicity, maternal alcohol use, maternal psychopathology score, pre‐pregnancy body mass index (BMI), child sex and child age. *p‐value <0.05, **p‐value <0.017 (Bonferroni corrected values for multiple testing).
Abbreviation: Android‐gynoid ratio (Android/gynoid fat mass ratio).
Values represent regression coefficients (difference) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) from linear regression models that reflects the differences in childhood outcomes standard deviation score (SDS) for maternal or paternal tobacco and/or cannabis use during pregnancy, compared to the reference group.
Values are odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI from logistic regression models that reflect the risk of childhood overweight and obesity for maternal and paternal tobacco and/or cannabis use during pregnancy, compared to the reference group.