TABLE 3.
Associations of maternal and paternal tobacco and cannabis use with childhood cardio‐metabolic risk factors at age 10 years
| Tobacco only | Systolic blood pressure (SDS) a (n = 4109) | Diastolic blood pressure (SDS) a (n = 4109) | Total cholesterol (SDS) a (n = 2959) | HDL cholesterol (SDS) a (n = 2960) | Triglyceride (SDS) a (n = 2950) | Glucose (SDS) a (n = 2958) | Cardio‐metabolic clustering b (n = 2862) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Difference (95% CI) | Difference (95% CI) | Difference (95% CI) | Difference (95% CI) | Difference (95% CI) | Difference (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Maternal use | |||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| First trimester only | −0.06 (−0.17, 0.05) | −0.02 (−0.13, 0.09) | 0.05 (−0.08, 0.18) | 0.02 (−0.11, 0.15) | 0.09 (−0.04, 0.22) | 0.01 (−0.13, 0.14) | 0.87 (0.56, 1.36) |
| Continued | 0.09 (0.00, 0.18) | 0.08 (−0.01, 0.17) | 0.07 (−0.04, 0.18) | −0.07 (−0.18, 0.04) | 0.15 (0.04, 0.26)** | 0.02 (−0.09, 0.13) | 1.31 (0.96, 1.78) |
| <5 per day | 0.02 (−0.11, 0.15) | 0.01 (−0.12, 0.14) | 0.08 (−0.07, 0.23) | −0.09 (−0.24, 0.06) | 0.11 (−0.04, 0.26) | 0.02 (−0.13, 0.17) | 0.99 (0.62, 1.57) |
| ≥5 per day | 0.15 (0.03, 0.26)** | 0.14 (0.02, 0.25)* | 0.05 (−0.09, 0.20) | −0.06 (−0.20, 0.08) | 0.19 (0.04, 0.33)** | 0.02 (−0.12, 0.17) | 1.59 (1.10, 2.32)** |
| Paternal use | |||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
| Yes | 0.04 (−0.03, 0.10) | 0.03 (−0.03, 0.09) | 0.05 (−0.03, 0.12) | −0.02 (−0.09, 0.06) | 0.06 (−0.02, 0.13) | 0.00 (−0.08, 0.08) | 1.16 (0.92, 1.47) |
| <5 per day | 0.00 (−0.09, 0.09) | 0.02 (−0.07, 0.11) | 0.02 (−0.08, 0.13) | −0.05 (−0.15, 0.06) | 0.10 (−0.01, 0.20) | −0.13 (−0.24, −0.02)** | 1.10 (0.78, 1.53) |
| ≥5 per day | 0.06 (−0.01, 0.14) | 0.04 (−0.04, 0.12) | 0.07 (−0.02, 0.15) | 0.00 (−0.08, 0.09) | 0.03 (−0.06, 0.12) | 0.08 (−0.01, 0.17) | 1.20 (0.93, 1.56) |
| Cannabis | Systolic blood pressure (SDS) a (n = 4619) | Diastolic blood pressure (SDS) a (n = 4619) | Total cholesterol (SDS) a (n = 3324) | HDL cholesterol (SDS) a (n = 3326) | Triglyceride (SDS) a (n = 3315) | Glucose (SDS) a (n = 3324) | Cardio‐metabolic clustering b (n = 3212) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Difference (95% CI) | Difference (95% CI) | Difference (95% CI) | Difference (95% CI) | Difference (95% CI) | Difference (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Maternal use | |||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Cannabis before | 0.01 (−0.17, 0.19) | 0.06 (−0.12, 0.24) | −0.09 (−0.30, 0.12) | 0.08 (−0.13, 0.29) | −0.14 (−0.35, 0.07) | −0.05 (−0.26, 0.17) | 0.55 (0.23, 1.31) |
| Cannabis during | 0.16 (−0.03, 0.35) | 0.02 (−0.17, 0.21) | 0.00 (−0.23, 0.23) | −0.14 (−0.37, 0.08) | −0.03 (−0.26, 0.20) | 0.02 (−0.21, 0.25) | 1.74 (0.94, 3.22) |
| Continued tobacco only | 0.10 (0.01, 0.19)* | 0.08 (−0.01, 0.17) | 0.06 (−0.05, 0.17) | −0.09 (−0.20, 0.01) | 0.16 (0.05, 0.27)** | 0.00 (−0.11, 0.11) | 1.33 (0.99, 1.80) |
| Paternal use | |||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Cannabis use | 0.04 (−0.07, 0.14) | 0.02 (−0.08, 0.12) | 0.02 (−0.10, 0.15) | 0.07 (−0.05, 0.20) | −0.04 (−0.16, 0.08) | −0.07 (−0.19, 0.05) | 0.95 (0.65, 1.37) |
Note: Confounder parental models were adjusted for maternal age, maternal education, maternal ethnicity, maternal alcohol use, maternal psychopathology score, pre‐pregnancy body mass index (BMI), child sex and child age. *p‐value <0.05, **p‐value <0.017 (Bonferroni corrected values for multiple testing).
Abbreviation: HDL, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol.
Values represent regression coefficients (difference) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) from linear regression models that reflects the differences in childhood outcomes standard deviation score (SDS) for maternal or paternal tobacco and/or cannabis use during pregnancy, compared to the reference group.
Values are odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI from logistic regression models that reflect the risk of childhood cardio‐metabolic clustering risk for maternal and paternal tobacco and/or cannabis use during pregnancy, compared to the reference group.