. 2022 Feb 21;23(5):e13428. doi: 10.1111/obr.13428

TABLE 4.

Overall and subgroup analyses of resistance‐based exercise effects on body weight and body mass index in participants who are overweight or obese

	Random effect meta‐analysis				Heterogeneity
	k	ES	95% CI	p‐value	Q	I ²	p‐value
Body weight, kg
Overall effect	103	−1.8	−2.6 to −1.0	<0.001	815.8	88%	<0.001
Without outlier ^c	93	−1.6	−1.9 to −1.3	<0.001	60.5	0%	0.996
Age
Children/adolescent	21	−1.1	−2.2 to −0.0	0.043	33.4	40%	0.031
Young adults ^c	23	−1.4	−2.1 to −0.8	<0.001	10.5	0%	0.981
Middle‐aged adults ^c	33	−0.6	−1.0 to −0.1	0.021	30.4	0%	0.549
Older adults ^c	20	−1.7	−2.2 to −1.2	<0.001	14.6	0%	0.748
Sex
Female ^c	48	−1.4	−1.9 to −0.9	<0.001	31.7	0%	0.958
Male	26	−1.1	−2.1 to −0.1	0.032	32.9	24%	0.133
Mixed ^c	23	−1.2	−1.8 to −0.6	<0.001	29.6	26%	0.128
Exercise modality ^a
RET ^c	50	−0.1	−0.5 to 0.3	0.511	30.1	0%	0.985
RET + Caloric restriction	6	−5.3	−7.6 to −3.0	<0.001	17.0	71%	0.005
RET + Low‐sugar diet	2	2.7	1.1 to 4.3	0.001	0.2	0%	0.676
COMB ^c	44	−1.9	−2.5 to −1.3	<0.001	65.1	34%	0.017
COMB + Caloric restriction	8	−5.6	−7.8 to −3.4	<0.001	36.7	81%	<0.001
COMB + Healthy diet	2	−3.1	−7.1 to 0.9	0.127	3.1	68%	0.078
Body mass index, kg·m ²
Overall effect	83	−0.6	−0.9 to −0.3	<0.001	396.2	79%	<0.001
Without outlier ^c	74	−0.6	−0.7 to −0.5	<0.001	33.7	0%	0.999
Age
Children/adolescent	18	−0.3	−0.8 to 0.1	0.163	30.7	45%	0.022
Young adults ^c	22	−0.5	−0.8 to −0.2	0.003	19.3	0%	0.563
Middle‐aged adults ^c	27	−0.5	−0.8 to −0.2	0.001	37.8	31%	0.064
Older adults	14	−0.6	−0.8 to −0.4	<0.001	3.2	0%	0.997
Sex
Female ^c	37	−0.4	−0.6 to −0.2	<0.001	24.5	0%	0.928
Male ^c	19	−0.5	−0.8 to −0.2	<0.001	15.5	0%	0.630
Mixed ^c	21	−0.5	−0.7 to −0.2	<0.001	21.8	8%	0.351
Exercise modality ^b
RET	43	−0.1	−0.3 to 0.1	0.209	25.6	0%	0.978
RET + Caloric restriction	2	−2.1	−3.8 to −0.4	0.017	0.2	0%	0.622
RET + Low‐sugar diet	2	1.6	1.0 to 2.1	<0.001	0.5	0%	0.497
RET + Protein supplementation	2	−0.0	−1.3 to 1.3	0.980	0.0	0%	0.879
COMB ^c	36	−0.7	−0.9 to −0.6	<0.001	31.6	0%	0.632
COMB + Caloric restriction	3	−1.2	−1.8 to −0.6	<0.001	1.1	0%	0.588

Abbreviations: COMB, combined resistance and aerobic exercise; ES, effect size; I ², percentage of variation across studies that is due to heterogeneity; k, number of studies; Q, Cochran's Q test of heterogeneity; RET, resistance training.

^{^a}

Exercise modalities excluded due to insufficient evidence for body weight: RET + Green tea, ES = 1.7 kg (95% CI: −3.0 to 6.4); RET + Protein supplementation, ES = 0.1 kg (95% CI: −8.3 to 8.5); COMB + + Caloric restriction + Protein supplementation, ES = −4.1 kg (95% CI: −11.7 to 3.4); COMB + Fatty acids, ES = −1.5 kg (95% CI: −8.7 to 5.7); COMB + Isoflavones supplementation, ES = −0.2 kg (95% CI: −8.0 to 7.6); COMB + Low‐sugar diet, ES = −0.5 kg (95% CI: −2.0 to 1.0); COMB + Protein supplementation, ES = −1.5 kg (95% CI: −3.7 to 0.7).

^{^b}

Exercise modalities excluded due to insufficient evidence for body mass index: RET + Ginger supplementation, ES = −0.4 kg·m² (95% CI: −7.3 to 6.5); RET + Green tea, ES = 1.6 kg·m² (95% CI: 0.2 to 3.3); COMB + Fatty acids, ES = −0.6 kg·m² (95% CI: −3.1 to 1.9); COMB + Isoflavones supplementation, ES = −0.1 kg·m² (95% CI: −2.2 to 2.0).

^{^c}

Adjustment after omitting studies in which the confidence intervals did not overlap the estimated pooled effect.