TABLE 2.

Overview of miRNA and lnc‐RNA involved in regulation of vSMC functions during AAA, TAA, TAAD and TAD development

vSMC function	Regulated by	Expression level and effect miRNA/lnc‐RNA	Location	Species	Reference
vSMC apoptosis	miRNA‐21 miRNA‐26a miRNA‐28‐5p miRNA‐129‐5p miRNA‐155‐5p miRNA‐195	Increased during AAA development, miRNA overexpression decreased apoptosis Decreased during AAA development, miRNA upregulation decreased apoptosis Increased during AAA development, miRNA acts as an apoptosis driver Decreased during AAA development, miRNA overexpression enhanced apoptosis Expression during AAA development not mentioned, inhibiting miRNA induced apoptosis Increased during AAA development, miRNA enhanced apoptosis	AAA AAA AAA AAA AAA AAA	Humans and mouse Humans Humans Humans and mouse Humans Humans	190 191 192 193 194 195
	miRNA‐504 miRNA‐26b	Decreased during AAA development, miRNA overexpression decreased apoptosis Decreased during TAD development, miRNA overexpression decreased apoptosis	AAA TAD	Humans Humans	196 204
	miRNA‐145	Decreased during TAD development, miRNA downregulation enhanced apoptosis, 205 while miRNA overexpression decreased apoptosis 206	TAD	Humans Humans and rat	205 206
	miRNA‐320d	Decreased during TAD development, miRNA overexpression enhanced apoptosis	TAD	Humans	207
	miRNA‐582	Decreased during TAD development, miRNA overexpression enhanced apoptosis	TAD	Humans	207
	lnc‐RNA NEAT1	Increased during AAA development, lnc‐RNA knockdown decreased apoptosis, while lnc‐RNA overexpression enhanced apoptosis	AAA	Not mentioned	216
	lnc‐RNA GAS5	Increased during AAA development, lnc‐RNA overexpression enhanced apoptosis	AAA	Humans and mouse	217
	lnc‐RNA H19	Increased during AAA development, lnc‐RNA knockdown decreased apoptosis, while overexpression had the opposite effect	AAA	Mouse	218
	lnc‐RNA PVT1	Increased during AAA development, lnc‐RNA knockdown decreased apoptosis	AAA	Humans and mouse	219
	lnc‐RNA LUCAT1	Increased during AAA development, lnc‐RNA depletion decreased apoptosis, while lnc‐RNA promotion enhanced apoptosis	AAA	Not mentioned	220
	lnc‐RNA LINC00473	Increased during AAA development, lnc‐RNA overexpression enhanced apoptosis	AAA	Humans	221
	lnc‐RNA LOXL1‐AS	Increased during TAA development, lnc‐RNA overexpression decreased apoptosis	TAA	Humans	222
	lnc‐RNA MIAT	Increased during TAA development, lnc‐RNA overexpression decreased apoptosis	TAA	Humans	223
	lnc‐RNA HOTAIR	Decreased during TAA development, lnc‐RNA knockdown enhanced apoptosis	TAA	Humans	224
	lnc‐RNA HIF 1alpha antisense RNA	Expression during TAA development not mentioned, lnc‐RNA suppression decreased apoptosis	TAA	Humans	225
	linc‐RNA p‐21	Increased during TAA development, linc‐RNA overexpression enhanced apoptosis	TAA	Humans	226
vSMC phenotypic switch	miRNA‐124 miRNA‐134‐5p miRNA‐143/145 cluster miRNA‐21	Decreased during TAD development, miRNA overexpression enhanced phenotypic switch (decrease in contractile genes) Decreased during TAD development, miRNA overexpression increased contractile phenotype Decreased during TAD development, miRNA knockdown induced phenotypic switch Increased during TAAD development, miRNA knockdown increased switch from contractile to synthetic phenotype, due to dysfunctional TGF‐β signalling	TAD TAD TAD TAAD	Humans Humans and mouse Humans Mouse	208 209 210 215
ECM regeneration and degradation	miRNA‐155 miRNA‐195 miRNA‐205 miRNA‐516a‐5p miRNA‐145 miRNA‐30a lnc‐RNA PVT1 lnc‐RNA HOTAIR	Increased during AAA development, miRNA overexpression enhanced MMP‐2, MPP‐9 protein expression, while inhibition had the opposite effect Increased during AAA development, miRNA overexpression enhanced MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 protein expression Increased during AAA development, miRNA overexpression reduced LRP‐1 protein expression, and subsequent reduced MMP‐9 protein clearance Expression during AAA development not mentioned, miRNA overexpression increased MMP‐2 protein and decreased TIMP‐1 protein expression, while knockdown had the opposite effect Increased during TAA development, miRNA overexpression enhanced OPN and collagen III protein, while inhibition had the opposite effect Increased during TAD development, miRNA overexpression decreased LOX and elastin protein expression Increased during AAA development, lnc‐RNA knockdown suppressed ECM disruption Decreased during TAA development, lnc‐RNA knockdown decreased collagen types I and III mRNA and protein expression	AAA AAA AAA AAA TAA TAD AAA TAA	Humans and mouse Humans Humans Humans Humans Humans and rat Humans and mouse Humans	197 198 199 200 203 214 219 224
vSMC proliferation	miRNA‐21 miRNA‐129‐5p miRNA‐155 miRNA‐195 miRNA‐504 miRNA‐26b miRNA‐124 miRNA‐133	Increased during AAA development, miRNA overexpression enhanced proliferation Decreased during AAA development, miRNA overexpression decreased proliferation Increased during AAA development, miRNA overexpression enhanced proliferation, while inhibition had the opposite effect Decreased during AAA development, miRNA inhibited proliferation Decreased during TAD development, miRNA overexpression promoted proliferation Decreased during TAD development, miRNA overexpression enhanced proliferation, while knockdown inhibited proliferation Decreased during TAD development, miRNA overexpression enhanced proliferation Decreased during TAD development, miRNA upregulation decreased proliferation	AAA AAA AAA AAA AAA TAD TAD TAD	Humans and mouse Humans and mouse Humans and mouse Humans Humans Humans Humans Humans	190 193 197 195 196 204 208 212
	miRNA‐145 miRNA‐146a‐5p	Decreased during TAD development, miRNA downregulation enhanced proliferation, 205 and miRNA overexpression promoted proliferation 206 Increased during TAD development, miRNA overexpression enhanced proliferation	TAD TAD	Humans Humans and rat Humans	205 206 213
	lnc‐RNA NEAT1	Increased during AAA development, lnc‐RNA knockdown enhanced proliferation, lnc‐RNA overexpression decreased proliferation	AAA	Not mentioned	216
	lnc‐RNA GAS5 lnc‐RNA LUCAT1	Increased during AAA development, lnc‐RNA overexpression decreased proliferation Increased during AAA development, lnc‐RNA depletion enhanced proliferation, while lnc‐RNA promotion decreased proliferation	AAA AAA	Humans and mouse Not mentioned	217 220
	lnc‐RNA LINC00473	Increased during AAA development, lnc‐RNA overexpression decreased proliferation	AAA	Humans	221
	lnc‐RNA LOXL1‐AS lnc‐RNA HOTAIR	Increased during TAA development, lnc‐RNA overexpression enhanced proliferation Decreased during TAA development, lnc‐RNA knockdown decreased proliferation	TAA TAA	Humans Humans	222 224
	lnc‐RNA HIF 1alpha antisense RNA	Expression during TAA development not mentioned, lnc‐RNA suppression enhanced proliferation	TAA	Humans	225
	linc‐RNA p‐21	Increased during TAA development, linc‐RNA overexpression decreased proliferation	TAA	Humans	226
vSMC migration	miRNA‐155	Increased during AAA development, miRNA overexpression enhanced migration, while inhibition had the opposite effect	AAA	Humans and mouse	197
	miRNA‐27a miRNA‐133 miRNA‐134‐5p	Decreased during TAD development, miRNA downregulation decreased migration Decreased during TAD development, miRNA upregulation decreased migration Decreased during TAD development, miRNA overexpression decreased migration	TAD TAD TAD	Humans and mouse Humans Humans and mouse	211 212 209
	miRNA‐145 miRNA‐146a‐5p	Decreased during TAD development, miRNA downregulation enhanced migration Increased during TAD development, miRNA overexpression enhanced migration	TAD TAD	Humans Humans	205 213
Inflammatory response within the aortic wall	miRNA‐24	Decreased during AAA development, miRNA downregulation enhanced pro‐inflammatory response	AAA	Humans and mouse	201
	miRNA‐33 miRNA‐155 miRNA‐195 lnc‐RNA PVT1	Increased during AAA development, miRNA knockdown reduced MCP‐1 mRNA and protein expression Increased during AAA development, miRNA overexpression enhanced MCP‐1 protein expression, while inhibition had the opposite effect Increased during AAA development, miRNA overexpression enhanced IL‐1β and IL‐6 expression Increased during AAA development, lnc‐RNA knockdown decreased pro‐inflammatory cytokines	AAA AAA AAA AAA	Humans and mouse Humans and mouse Humans Humans and mouse	202 197 198 219

Abbreviations: AAA, abdominal aortic aneurysm; ECM, extracellular matrix; linc‐RNA, long intergenic noncoding RNA; lnc‐RNA, long noncoding RNA; miRNA, microRNA; RNA, ribonucleic acid; TAA, thoracic aortic aneurysm; TAAD, thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection; TAD, thoracic aortic dissection; vSMC, vascular smooth muscle cell.