TABLE 3.
Multivariate logistic regression analysis of pedestrian smartphone use. (Original research, smombie phenomenon, China, 2020).
| Usage rates | Wald χ2 | P | OR | 95% CI of OR | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower | Upper | |||||
| Talking | ||||||
| Male | 2.2% | 0.402 | 0.526 | 0.926 | 0.731 | 1.173 |
| Female | 2.3% | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| <10 years | 0 | NA | NA | 2.748E-09 | 2.748E-09 | 2.748E-09 |
| 11–25 years | 2.7% | 39.245 | <0.001 | 10.695 | 5.095 | 22.448 |
| 26–44 years | 3% | 39.054 | <0.001 | 9.696 | 4.755 | 19.771 |
| 45–59 years | 1.7% | 14.289 | <0.001 | 4.244 | 2.006 | 8.979 |
| >60 years | 0.5% | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Sunny | 2.2% | 3.125 | 0.077 | 1.572 | 0.952 | 2.594 |
| Cloudy | 2.9% | 5.528 | 0.019 | 1.959 | 1.118 | 3.432 |
| Rainy | 1.9% | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Morning | 1.9% | 3.235 | 0.072 | 0.795 | 0.620 | 1.021 |
| Afternoon | 2.6% | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Weekday | 2.3% | 0.864 | 0.353 | 1.139 | 0.866 | 1.498 |
| Weekend | 2.1% | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Earphones | ||||||
| Male | 2.1% | 1.086 | 0.297 | 1.143 | 0.889 | 1.469 |
| Female | 1.9% | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| <10 years | 0.4% | 0.031 | 0.860 | 0.868 | 0.180 | 4.193 |
| 11–25 years | 4.9% | 63.244 | <0.001 | 22.610 | 10.484 | 48.761 |
| 26–44 years | 2.1% | 27.445 | <0.001 | 7.745 | 3.601 | 16.659 |
| 45–59 years | 0.6% | 0.954 | 0.329 | 1.559 | 0.640 | 3.799 |
| >60 years | 0.4% | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Sunny | 1.9% | 0.028 | 0.867 | 0.964 | 0.628 | 1.480 |
| Cloudy | 2.1% | 0.018 | 0.893 | 0.964 | 0.569 | 1.634 |
| Rainy | 2.8% | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Morning | 2.3% | 15.279 | <0.001 | 1.691 | 1.299 | 2.200 |
| Afternoon | 1.7% | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Weekday | 2.1% | 3.927 | 0.048 | 1.367 | 1.003 | 1.862 |
| Weekend | 1.6% | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Holding | ||||||
| Male | 18% | 81.970 | <0.001 | 0.662 | 0.606 | 0.724 |
| Female | 27.2% | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| <10 years | 1.9% | 5.803 | 0.016 | 0.439 | 0.225 | 0.858 |
| 11–25 years | 34% | 431.910 | <0.001 | 15.049 | 11.654 | 19.434 |
| 26–44 years | 28.5% | 340.921 | <0.001 | 10.141 | 7.930 | 12.968 |
| 45–59 years | 17.7% | 150.799 | <0.001 | 5.004 | 3.870 | 6.470 |
| >60 years | 4.4% | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Sunny | 23.3% | 45.424 | <0.001 | 1.910 | 1.583 | 2.306 |
| Cloudy | 24.8% | 34.392 | <0.001 | 1.907 | 1.537 | 2.367 |
| Rainy | 16.7% | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Morning | 21% | 6.72 | 0.010 | 0.887 | 0.810 | 0.971 |
| Afternoon | 24.6% | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Weekday | 23.6% | 8.657 | 0.003 | 1.163 | 1.052 | 1.287 |
| Weekend | 21.3% | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Slight smombie | ||||||
| Male | 1.5% | 0.535 | 0.465 | 1.117 | 0.831 | 1.501 |
| Female | 1.3% | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| <10 years | 0.2% | 0.828 | 0.363 | 0.381 | 0.047 | 3.050 |
| 11–25 years | 2.2% | 33.164 | <0.001 | 9.083 | 4.287 | 19.247 |
| 26–44 years | 1.6% | 20.521 | <0.001 | 5.361 | 2.592 | 11.085 |
| 45–59 years | 1% | 5.203 | 0.023 | 2.495 | 1.137 | 5.475 |
| >60 years | 0.5% | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Sunny | 1.4% | 0.810 | 0.368 | 1.302 | 0.733 | 2.315 |
| Cloudy | 1.4% | 0.206 | 0.650 | 1.173 | 0.589 | 2.336 |
| Rainy | 1.5% | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Morning | 1.2% | 2.077 | 0.150 | 0.794 | 0.581 | 1.086 |
| Afternoon | 1.5% | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Weekday | 1.5% | 2.815 | 0.093 | 1.359 | 0.950 | 1.946 |
| Weekend | 1.2% | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Severe smombie | ||||||
| Male | 4.1% | 0.036 | 0.850 | 1.017 | 0.852 | 1.215 |
| Female | 4.2% | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| <10 years | 0.6% | 0.355 | 0.551 | 1.526 | 0.380 | 6.124 |
| 11–25 years | 8.5% | 85.852 | <0.001 | 47.441 | 20.970 | 107.328 |
| 26–44 years | 4.9% | 55.255 | <0.001 | 21.709 | 9.643 | 48.874 |
| 45–59 years | 2% | 19.551 | <0.001 | 6.700 | 2.883 | 15.570 |
| >60 years | 0.4% | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Sunny | 4.3% | 14.538 | <0.001 | 2.271 | 1.490 | 3.462 |
| Cloudy | 4.2% | 8.341 | 0.004 | 2.019 | 1.253 | 3.252 |
| Rainy | 2.7% | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Morning | 3.4% | 9.768 | 0.002 | 0.740 | 0.613 | 0.894 |
| Afternoon | 4.7% | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Weekday | 4.3% | 3.151 | 0.076 | 1.206 | 0.981 | 1.483 |
| Weekend | 3.9% | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
The meaning of the bold values is that they are statistically significant.