Figure 4.

IL‐1β induced inflammatory response of chondrocytes was limited by milk‐derived EVs. Monolayer chondrocytes were stimulated with IL‐1β in the presence or absence of milk‐derived EVs (48hrs). IL‐1β stimulated chondrocytes showed an increased gene expression of (A) TNFα, (B) IL‐6, (C) IL‐8, and (D) MMP‐1. Meanwhile, CMEVs were able to reduce this expression both with and without IL‐1β stimulation present. Gene expression is plotted as fold change of CMEVs/IL‐1β over unstimulated PBS control. Error bars represent mean ±SD (N = 2 donors), *p>0.05, **p>0.005.