FIGURE 1.

Hookworms actively evade NETosis. The non‐activated infectious larvae of hookworm are trapped by neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) released by neutrophils isolated from human blood. During the transition to parasitism, heat‐activation causes hookworms to secrete anti‐NETs evasion molecules. Three mechanisms of evasion are illustrated: (i) a DNase‐II capable of degrading NETs to evade trapping and cuticle damage, demonstrated in Necator brasiliensis and N. americanus and (ii) a Kunitz‐type Inhibitor (Ace‐KI1) identified in Ancylostoma ceylanicum is proposed to block the formation of NETs by inhibiting NE activity, (iii) an unidentified blocker of TRMP‐2 inhibits oxidative stress‐induced NETs formation. This mechanism has been demonstrated in the cestode Mesocestoides corti. Fluorescent images were obtained by co‐culture of circulatory human neutrophils with N. americanus L3 for 3 h. Activated larvae were placed at 37°C for one night before co‐culture to stimulate ES release. NETs are stained using sytox green and are represented with the LUT fire in Fiji. The figure has been made using Biorender