TABLE 2.

Overview of MPI systems in biomedicine application.

Application	Scanner topology	Strongest gradient	FFP/FFL	FOV	Temporal solution	Spatial solution	Particles
Vascular injury (phantom, in vivo) Herz et al., 2018; Vaalma et al., 2017; Wegner et al., 2021; Orendorff et al., 2017; Szwargulski et al., 2020; Yu et al., 2017b	Closed-bore system	2–7T/m	FFP/FFL	2D: 60 × 40mm2 ∼51.6 × 85.2mm2; 3D: 24 × 24 × 12mm3 ∼60*60*40 mm3	20–21.5 m	1–3 mm	Resovist (commercial particles) LS-13; LS-017 Perimag and Synomag-D (multi-contrast particles) 5HFeC NPs (multi-modal particles suitable for MPI/FLI/CTA)
Perfusion imaging (human-sized celebrate phantom, in vivo) Weizenecker et al., 2009; Franke et al., 2020; Kaul et al., 2021; Ludewig et al., 2017; Graeser et al., 2019	Closed-bore system; Bedside head scanner; Hybrid MRI-MPI	2.0–3.0T/m; 0.5T MRI and 2.2T/m MPI	FFP	2D: 100 × 140 mm2; 3D: 20.4 × 12 × 16.8 mm3 ∼ 37.33 × 37.33 × 18.66 mm3	2 frames/s; 21.5 m	10mm; 1–1.5 mm	Perimag/Resovist (commercial particles); LS-008
Tumor imaging (in vivo) Yu et al., 2017a; Arami et al., 2017; Parkins et al., 2021	Closed-bore system	3–7T/m	FFP/FFL	2D: 60 × 80 mm2; 3D: 40 × 40 × 58 mm3 ∼120 × 60 × 60 mm3	21.5 m	600um-4.5 mm	LS-008; Functionalized PMAO-PEG co-polymer; MPIO
Monitoring Cell-based Treatment (in vivo) Zheng et al., 2015; Bulte et al., 2015; Chandrasekharan et al., 2021; Makela et al., 2020	Closed-bore system	2.5–7T/m	FFP/FFL	2D: 106 × 62 mm2; 3D:100 × 60 × 60 mm3∼40 × 60 × 60 mm3	n/s (∼21.5 m)	1–1.6 mm	Resovist/Ferumoxytol/Feridex (commercial particles); UW; anti-Ly6G SPIONs partilces
MFH-MPI(in vivo) Tay et al., 2018; Du et al., 2019; Wells et al., 2020	Hybrid MPI-MFH	2–6.3T	FFP/FFL	2D:120 × 60 mm2; 3D:20 × 20 × 10 mm3 ∼123.5 × 47.5 × 47.5 mm3	21.5 m	2.3–7 mm	Ferucarbotran (commercial particles); PEG coated, single crystalline core SPIONs; IOs-CREKA NPs(multimodual particles for MPI/MRI/BLI)
Tracking Targeted Drugs (in vivo) Tomitaka et al., 2017; Tay et al., 2018	Closed-bore system	6–6.3T	FFL	2D: 60 × 80 mm2; 3D: 32 × 40 × 60 mm3 ∼ 32 × 40 × 141 mm3	n/s	n/s	MPLs@Au; multi-core SPIONs
Intraoperative Navigation (phantom, in vivo) Mason et al., 2021; Azargoshasb et al., 2021	single sided freehand MPI; small-bore service	n/s (∼2.83 T/m)	FFL/n/s	1D: 20 mm; 3D:n/s∼ 31 × 31 × 9 mm3	n/s	2–7 mm	VivoTrax (commercial particles); hybrid ICG-SPION (multi-modal particles suitable for MPI/NIR optical imaging)