Table 4:
Baseline Results by Gender, Age, and Occupation, Effects on Discrimination Against Older Applicants
| Female |
Male |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Middle-Admin | Middle-Sales | Old-Admin | Old-Sales | Middle-Janitor | Middle-Sales | Middle-Security | Old-Janitor | Old-Sales | Old-Security | ||
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | ||
|
| |||||||||||
| Baseline discrimination | 0.100 | 0.155 | 0.103 | 0.140 | 0.096 | 0.104 | 0.089 | 0.148 | 0.102 | 0.121 | |
|
| |||||||||||
| Health stereotypes | Predicted sign | ||||||||||
|
| |||||||||||
| Attractive | Positive | −0.004 | −0.008 | −0.001 | 0.023 | 0.017 | −0.017 | 0.019 | 0.018 | −0.026 | −0.029 |
| (0.007) | (0.021) | (0.007) | (0.015) | (0.022) | (0.017) | (0.012) | (0.034) | (0.014) | (0.020) | ||
| [0.797] | [0.967] | [0.893] | [0.455] | [0.714] | [0.419] | [0.243] | [0.823] | [0.242] | [0.969] | ||
| Hearing | Positive | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.021 | −0.007 | −0.010 | 0.020 * | −0.010 | 0.000 | 0.012 |
| (0.004) | (0.015) | (0.005) | (0.011) | (0.016) | (0.010) | (0.010) | (0.023) | (0.009) | (0.014) | ||
| [0.797] | [0.967] | [0.893] | [0.455] | [0.864] | [0.419] | [0.185] | [0.823] | [0.983] | [0.969] | ||
| Memory | Positive | −0.007 | 0.006 | −0.009 | 0.010 | −0.019 | 0.030 * | 0.012 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.006 |
| (0.006) | (0.020) | (0.006) | (0.015) | (0.019) | (0.012) | (0.010) | (0.028) | (0.013) | (0.017) | ||
| [0.558] | [0.967] | [0.847] | [0.751] | [0.648] | [0.102] | [0.346] | [0.959] | [0.913] | [0.969] | ||
| Physical Ability | Positive | −0.010 | −0.031 | −0.001 | 0.013 | 0.038 * | 0.032 * | 0.022 | 0.002 | 0.026 | −0.002 |
| (0.007) | (0.021) | (0.007) | (0.015) | (0.018) | (0.015) | (0.012) | (0.027) | (0.015) | (0.015) | ||
| [0.451] | [0.967] | [0.893] | [0.751] | [0.119] | [0.102] | [0.185] | [0.978] | [0.242] | [0.969] | ||
|
| |||||||||||
| Personality stereotypes | Predicted sign | ||||||||||
|
| |||||||||||
| Adaptable | Positive | −0.012 | −0.005 | 0.002 | −0.006 | −0.000 | 0.032 | −0.021 | −0.001 | 0.031 * | 0.015 |
| (0.008) | (0.023) | (0.007) | (0.018) | (0.020) | (0.020) | (0.011) | (0.037) | (0.016) | (0.018) | ||
| [0.451] | [0.967] | [0.893] | [0.798] | [0.991] | [0.273] | [0.185] | [0.978] | [0.242] | [0.969] | ||
| Careful | Negative | −0.001 | 0.034 | 0.003 | −0.025 | −0.042 * | −0.035 * | −0.016 | −0.014 | −0.031 * | −0.001 |
| (0.007) | (0.023) | (0.007) | (0.017) | (0.020) | (0.015) | (0.013) | (0.029) | (0.015) | (0.018) | ||
| [0.958] | [0.967] | [0.893] | [0.455] | [0.119] | [0.102] | [0.346] | [0.823] | [0.242] | [0.969] | ||
| Creative | Positive | 0.011 | −0.029 | 0.003 | 0.013 | 0.015 | −0.018 | −0.026 * | 0.035 | −0.008 | 0.011 |
| (0.007) | (0.026) | (0.008) | (0.017) | (0.023) | (0.016) | (0.013) | (0.036) | (0.014) | (0.023) | ||
| [0.451] | [0.967] | [0.893] | [0.751] | [0.714] | [0.419] | [0.185] | [0.763] | [0.893] | [0.969] | ||
| Dependable | Negative | 0.007 | −0.001 | −0.016 * | 0.006 | 0.020 | 0.011 | 0.004 | 0.016 | −0.001 | 0.006 |
| (0.007) | (0.019) | (0.007) | (0.014) | (0.016) | (0.015) | (0.009) | (0.024) | (0.014) | (0.014) | ||
| [0.558] | [0.979] | [0.322] | [0.798] | [0.602] | [0.522] | [0.677] | [0.823] | [0.983] | [0.969] | ||
| Personality | Positive/Negative | 0.007 | 0.003 | 0.004 | −0.039 ** | 0.019 | 0.021 | −0.014 | 0.035 | −0.002 | −0.014 |
| (0.006) | (0.022) | (0.006) | (0.015) | (0.017) | (0.014) | (0.012) | (0.033) | (0.012) | (0.020) | ||
| [0.558] | [0.968] | [0.893] | [0.140] | [0.604] | [0.273] | [0.346] | [0.763] | [0.983] | [0.969] | ||
|
| |||||||||||
| Skills stereotypes | Predicted sign | ||||||||||
|
| |||||||||||
| Ability to Learn | Positive | 0.008 | 0.014 | 0.005 | 0.015 | 0.004 | −0.045 * | −0.009 | 0.027 | −0.022 | −0.001 |
| (0.008) | (0.025) | (0.008) | (0.019) | (0.025) | (0.018) | (0.015) | (0.036) | (0.017) | (0.023) | ||
| [0.576] | [0.967] | [0.893] | [0.751] | [0.991] | [0.102] | [0.579] | [0.823] | [0.560] | [0.969] | ||
| Communication Skills | Positive/Negative | −0.013 | −0.012 | 0.001 | 0.007 | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.010 | −0.068 | 0.015 | 0.004 |
| (0.008) | (0.029) | (0.008) | (0.019) | (0.033) | (0.020) | (0.015) | (0.053) | (0.019) | (0.027) | ||
| [0.451] | [0.967] | [0.893] | [0.798] | [0.991] | [0.869] | [0.579] | [0.763] | [0.856] | [0.969] | ||
| Experienced | Negative | −0.000 | 0.005 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.033 ** | 0.014 | −0.012 | 0.042 * | −0.007 | 0.003 |
| (0.005) | (0.015) | (0.005) | (0.009) | (0.012) | (0.010) | (0.008) | (0.019) | (0.008) | (0.011) | ||
| [0.958] | [0.967] | [0.893] | [0.959] | [0.070] | [0.273] | [0.318] | [0.336] | [0.856] | [0.969] | ||
| Productive | Positive/Negative | 0.002 | 0.010 | 0.006 | 0.007 | −0.049 * | −0.022 | 0.014 | −0.036 | −0.002 | 0.005 |
| (0.007) | (0.020) | (0.008) | (0.015) | (0.021) | (0.016) | (0.013) | (0.037) | (0.012) | (0.020) | ||
| [0.922] | [0.967] | [0.893] | [0.798] | [0.119] | [0.273] | [0.391] | [0.763] | [0.983] | [0.969] | ||
| Technology | Positive | 0.009 | −0.018 | 0.005 | −0.020 | 0.011 | 0.004 | 0.021 * | 0.034 | −0.009 | −0.007 |
| (0.006) | (0.019) | (0.006) | (0.014) | (0.014) | (0.012) | (0.009) | (0.026) | (0.013) | (0.016) | ||
| [0.451] | [0.967] | [0.893] | [0.473] | [0.714] | [0.810] | [0.185] | [0.763] | [0.884] | [0.969] | ||
|
| |||||||||||
| N | 6,822 | 986 | 7,321 | 1,856 | 311 | 1,612 | 954 | 318 | 1,680 | 932 | |
|
| |||||||||||
| Adjusted R2 | 0.026 | 0.055 | 0.026 | 0.047 | 0.208 | 0.055 | 0.164 | 0.128 | 0.060 | 0.076 | |
Note: Table reports estimated marginal effects from Equation (10). Predicted signs of each coefficient according to the industrial psychology literature (see Tables 1–3). Positive predictions indicate we expect to see more discrimination against older applicants, negative predictions indicate we expect to see less discrimination against older applicants. Standard errors are clustered at the job-ad level.
*
indicates that the estimate is statistically significant at the 5% level.
**
indicates that the estimate is statistically significant at the 1% level. In brackets, we report the p-values corrected for multiple hypothesis testing within a regression (i.e., a column) using the Simes procedure.