Figure 25.
Other therapeutic applications of DNA‐based nanostructures. A) Design of a 30 hb DNA origami structure (shown in blue) with extending ssDNA sequences (black lines) for attaching CpG sequences. Three different versions of CpG strands (called CpG H's) with I) unmodified phosphate backbone, II) phosphorothioate (PTO)‐modified backbone, and III) partly PTO‐modified backbone were tested for uptake by immune cells. A schematic of uptake of the nanostructures by endocytosis, vesicle segregation by the Golgi apparatus containing the transmembrane Toll‐like receptor 9 (TLR9), endosome fusion with nanostructure and TLR9 vesicle, which lead to recognition of CpG sequences and consequent release of cytokines. Reproduced with permission.[[qv: 74a]] Copyright 2011, American Chemical Society. B) Schematic showing a triangular DNA origami structure modified with an AuNR particle using complementary ssDNA capture strands (to form DAuNRs). The DAuNRs were injected into tumor‐bearing mice by tail injection, followed by optoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy. Reproduced with permission.147 Copyright 2016, John Wiley and Sons.