. 2019 Mar 7;8(9):1801546. doi: 10.1002/adhm.201801546

Table 5.

DNA‐based biosensors for medical/physiologically relevant targets

Target	Relevance	Format	Sensing mechanism	Biological sample	LOD	Notes	Ref.
Single nucleotide polymorphism	Gene mutations	DNA rectangle	AFM	Synthetic oligos	–	–	98
pH, mercury, ATP	Cancer	DNA tetrahedron + ATP aptamer	FRET	HeLa cells	2 × 10⁻⁶ m	–	[[qv: 43a]]
ATP	–	DNA nanoplier + aptamer	FRET, AFM	Synthetic aptamer	0.1 × 10⁻⁹ m	Split aptamer technique	99
Circulating tumor cells	Cancer	DNA tetrahedron + aptamer	Electrochemical aptasensor	Cell‐spiked blood sample	5 cells mL⁻¹	Hybrid system using Au electrodes	100
Anti‐DNA antibodies	SLE^a)	DNA rectangle, nanorod (400 nm)	Fluorimetry	Serum from SLE patients	^b)	Specificity against other diseases	101
Prostate‐specific antigen	Cancer	DNA tetrahedron + HCR;^c) AgNP	Electrochemical aptasensor	Human serum	0.05 pg mL⁻¹	Performed superior to current methods	102
miRNA	Cancer	AuNP + DNA probe	Fluorescence quenching of AuNP	Breast cancer cells	0.31 × 10⁻⁹ m	–	103
miRNA	Heart failure	DNA rectangle	AFM	Synthetic miRNA	–	Poor efficiency	104
miRNA	Cancer	DNA tetrahedron + ferrocene tag	Electrochemical	Synthetic miRNA	10 × 10⁻¹² m	–	105
miRNA	Cancer	Azo‐labeled DNA cluster (35 nm)	Enzyme‐free electrochemiluminescence	Total RNA extracted from cells	6.6 × 10⁻¹⁵ m	The nanomachine reset system	106
Gene	Cancer	DNA tetrahedron + magnetic bead	Magnetic microparticles	Fetal calf serum	10 × 10⁻¹⁵ m	Increased S/N ratio	107
PTK7 gene	Cancer	DNA nanospheres (200 nm) + lysozyme aptamer	FRET	Lysozyme, BSA^d), thrombin, streptavidin	0.63 × 10⁻⁹ m	–	[[qv: 48a]]
PfLDH protein	Malaria	DNA rectangle + aptamer	AFM	PfLDH protein	–	–	108
Thrombin	Thrombosis	DNA rectangle + aptamer	Microchip isotachophoresis	Thrombin‐spiked cell lysate	–	Separation of bound complex in less than 5 min and 150‐fold signal enhancement	109
Thrombin	Thrombosis	DNA 24 hb, DNA tetrahedron	Fiber optic SPR	Thrombin	6–11 × 10⁻⁹ m	Aptamer density tested	88
Theophylline	Bronchodilator	DNA tetrahedron + aptamer	Electrochemical aptasensor	Serum	70 × 10⁻⁹ m	Split aptamer increases sensitivity	110
Zika nucleic acid	Viral diagnosis	AgNP + DNA hairpin on DNA “nanoantenna”	Surface plasmon enhanced FRET	Serum	–	Example of optical signal amplification	111

^{^a)}

SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus

^{^b)}

Even though no LOD was calculated, the study successfully tested the biosensor on samples derived from SLE patients

^{^c)}

HCR, hybridization chain reaction

^{^d)}

BSA, bovine serum albumin.