Table 5.
Target | Relevance | Format | Sensing mechanism | Biological sample | LOD | Notes | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Single nucleotide polymorphism | Gene mutations | DNA rectangle | AFM | Synthetic oligos | – | – | 98 |
pH, mercury, ATP | Cancer | DNA tetrahedron + ATP aptamer | FRET | HeLa cells | 2 × 10−6 m | – | [[qv: 43a]] |
ATP | – | DNA nanoplier + aptamer | FRET, AFM | Synthetic aptamer | 0.1 × 10−9 m | Split aptamer technique | 99 |
Circulating tumor cells | Cancer | DNA tetrahedron + aptamer | Electrochemical aptasensor | Cell‐spiked blood sample | 5 cells mL−1 | Hybrid system using Au electrodes | 100 |
Anti‐DNA antibodies | SLEa) | DNA rectangle, nanorod (400 nm) | Fluorimetry | Serum from SLE patients | b) | Specificity against other diseases | 101 |
Prostate‐specific antigen | Cancer | DNA tetrahedron + HCR;c) AgNP | Electrochemical aptasensor | Human serum | 0.05 pg mL−1 | Performed superior to current methods | 102 |
miRNA | Cancer | AuNP + DNA probe | Fluorescence quenching of AuNP | Breast cancer cells | 0.31 × 10−9 m | – | 103 |
miRNA | Heart failure | DNA rectangle | AFM | Synthetic miRNA | – | Poor efficiency | 104 |
miRNA | Cancer | DNA tetrahedron + ferrocene tag | Electrochemical | Synthetic miRNA | 10 × 10−12 m | – | 105 |
miRNA | Cancer | Azo‐labeled DNA cluster (35 nm) | Enzyme‐free electrochemiluminescence | Total RNA extracted from cells | 6.6 × 10−15 m | The nanomachine reset system | 106 |
Gene | Cancer | DNA tetrahedron + magnetic bead | Magnetic microparticles | Fetal calf serum | 10 × 10−15 m | Increased S/N ratio | 107 |
PTK7 gene | Cancer | DNA nanospheres (200 nm) + lysozyme aptamer | FRET | Lysozyme, BSAd), thrombin, streptavidin | 0.63 × 10−9 m | – | [[qv: 48a]] |
PfLDH protein | Malaria | DNA rectangle + aptamer | AFM | PfLDH protein | – | – | 108 |
Thrombin | Thrombosis | DNA rectangle + aptamer | Microchip isotachophoresis | Thrombin‐spiked cell lysate | – | Separation of bound complex in less than 5 min and 150‐fold signal enhancement | 109 |
Thrombin | Thrombosis | DNA 24 hb, DNA tetrahedron | Fiber optic SPR | Thrombin | 6–11 × 10−9 m | Aptamer density tested | 88 |
Theophylline | Bronchodilator | DNA tetrahedron + aptamer | Electrochemical aptasensor | Serum | 70 × 10−9 m | Split aptamer increases sensitivity | 110 |
Zika nucleic acid | Viral diagnosis | AgNP + DNA hairpin on DNA “nanoantenna” | Surface plasmon enhanced FRET | Serum | – | Example of optical signal amplification | 111 |
SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus
Even though no LOD was calculated, the study successfully tested the biosensor on samples derived from SLE patients
HCR, hybridization chain reaction
BSA, bovine serum albumin.