Table 4. MR Results for Testing a Causal Link between HPS1 Expression and TMA Concentration^a.

		method	causal effect size estimate	std. error	95% CI	p value	Cochran’s Q-statistic p value
A	HPS1 → TMA	inverse variance weighted	0.266	0.094	0.082–0.450	0.005	0.0803
		weighted median	0.311	0.072	0.170–0.453	<2 × 10–16	NA
		MR - Egger	0.37	0.126	0.123–0.617	0.003	0.0852
		maximum-likelihood	0.267	0.094	0.083–0.452	0.004	0.0829
B	TMA → HPS1	inverse variance weighted	–0.089	0.012	–0.113 to –0.065	<2 × 10–16	0.0958
		weighted median	–0.09	0.011	–0.111 to –0.068	<2 × 10–16	NA
		MR - Egger	–0.086	0.013	–0.111 to –0.061	<2 × 10–16	0.0758
		maximum-likelihood	–0.09	0.012	–0.114 to –0.066	<2 × 10–16	0.1258
C	HPS1 → TMA	inverse variance weighted
	(PYROXD2 related SNPs removed)	weighted median	1.079	0.121	0.842–1.315	<2 × 10–16	NA
		MR - Egger	1.705	0.305	1.107–2.303	<2 × 10–16	0.5575
		maximum-likelihood

^aMR results for testing (A) causal effect of HPS1 gene expression levels on TMA (HPS1 → TMA), (B) causal effect of TMA on HPS1 gene expression levels (TMA → HPS1), (C) causal effect of HPS1 gene expression levels on TMA (HPS1 → TMA) when PYROXD2-related SNPs were removed from the instrument set.