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. 2022 May 21;127(5):e2022JA030310. doi: 10.1029/2022JA030310

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©2022. The Authors.

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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(a) Chorus wave Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) spectra from THEMIS E measurements on 12 June 2021 at L ≃ 6, approximately 1,000 km away from the magnetic equator. A white dashed line shows f _ce/2. Intervals with only one single wave are marked by an S, intervals with two (or more) superposed waves are marked by a T, and these intervals are separated by vertical purple lines. (b) Peak amplitude of identified short packets, with a length β < 10. (c) Length β of short packets. (d) Frequency sweep rate ∂f/∂t of short packets. (e) Average parallel to transverse wave electric field power ratio R of lower‐band chorus waves. The L‐shell values inferred from dipolar and T89 (Tsyganenko, 1989) magnetic field models are also provided.