TABLE 1.
Clinical characteristics
| All N = 318 | Boys N = 175 | Girls N = 143 | p‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gestational age (weeks) | 39.74 (1.21) | 39.66 (1.28) | 39.83 (1.13) | 0.224 |
| Sex (%) | 55.0 | 45.0 | 0.479 | |
| Birth weight SDS | 0.28 (1.15) | 0.42 (1.08) | 0.11 (1.20) | 0.017 |
| Birth length SDS a | 0.68 (1.20) | 0.83 (1.19) | 0.49 (1.19) | 0.058 |
| Ethnicity (%) | 0.060 | |||
| Caucasian | 211 (66.4%) | 122 (69.7%) | 89 (62.2%) | |
| Black | 21 (6.6%) | 5 (2.9%) | 16 (11.2%) | |
| Asian | 3 (0.9%) | 1 (0.6%) | 2 (1.4%) | |
| Latin | 1 (0.3%) | 1 (0.6%) | 0 | |
| Other | 64 (20.1%) | 35 (20.0%) | 29 (20.3%) | |
| Missing | 18 (5.7%) | 11 (6.2%) | 7 (4.9%) | |
| Mode of delivery | 0.479 | |||
| Vaginal | 219 (68.9%) | 115 | 94 | |
| Caesarean Section | 98 (30.8%) | 59 | 39 | |
| Missing | 1 (0.3%) | 1 | 0 |
| 3 months | N = 318 | N = 175 | N = 143 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (months) | 2.99 (2.92–3.09) | 2.99 (2.92–3.09) | 2.99 (2.92–3.06) | 0.615 |
| Feeding mode | 0.597 | |||
| Exclusive breastfeeding | 123 (38.7%) | 64 | 59 | |
| Exclusive formula feeding | 81 (25.5%) | 48 | 33 | |
| Mix feeding | 113 (35.5%) | 62 | 51 | |
| Weight‐for‐length SDS | 0.22 (1.01) | 0.27 (0.95) | 0.15 (1.08) | 0.306 |
| Length SDS | 0.35 (0.87) | 0.49 (0.81) | 0.17 (0.92) | 0.001 |
| Peripheral skinfolds (mm) | 15 (13–16) | 15 (13–17) | 14 (13–16) | 0.139 |
| Truncal skinfolds (mm) | 13 (11.5–16) | 13 (11–16) | 14 (12–17) | 0.633 |
| T:P‐ratio | 0.93 (0.81–1.09) | 0.92 (0.81–1.07) | 1.00 (0.81–1.11) | 0.112 |
| Abdominal subcutaneous fat (cm) | 0.41 (0.32–0.49) | 0.41 (0.34–0.49) | 0.40 (0.32–0.49) | 0.787 |
| Visceral fat (cm) | 2.36 (0.57) | 2.42 (0.58) | 2.29 (0.54) | 0.048 |
| S:V‐ratio | 0.17 (0.13–0.22) | 0.16(0.13–0.21) | 0.18(0.14–0.23) | 0.111 |
| 2 years | N = 318 | N = 175 | N = 143 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (months) | 24.02 (23.92–24.25) | 24.02 (23.92–24.21) | 24.08 (23.92–24.35) | 0.119 |
| Weight‐for‐length SDS | −0.41 (1.06) | −0.41 (1.13) | −0.41 (0.97) | 0.945 |
| Underweight | 18 (5.7%) | 10 | 8 | 0.720 |
| Normal | 296 (93.1%) | 162 | 134 | |
| Overweight | 4 (1.3%) | 3 | 1 | |
| Obese | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Length SDS | 0.22 (1.01) | 0.28 (1.04) | 0.15 (0.96) | 0.250 |
| Peripheral skinfolds (mm) | 16 (14–19) | 16 (14–19) | 16 (14–18) | 0.741 |
| Truncal skinfolds (mm) | 13 (11–15) | 13 (11–15) | 13 (11–15) | 0.994 |
| T:P‐ratio | 0.79 (0.67–0.93) | 0.79 (0.68–0.94) | 0.78 (0.65–0.92) | 0.686 |
| Abdominal subcutaneous fat (cm) | 0.32 (0.26–0.40) | 0.32 (0.26–0.40) | 0.34 (0.26–0.39) | 0.787 |
| Visceral fat (cm) | 2.12 (1.82–2.51) | 2.11 (1.77–2.49) | 2.14 (1.84–2.56) | 0.387 |
| S:V‐ratio | 0.16 (0.13–0.22) | 0.16 (0.12–0.21) | 0.15 (0.12–0.20) | 0.280 |
Note: Data expressed as mean (SD) or median (IQR). Significant p‐values are boldfaced.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; S:V‐ratio = subcutaneous:visceral fat ratio; SDS, standard deviation score; T:P‐ratio, Truncal: peripheral skinfold ratio.
a
Birth weight SDS n = 175.