TABLE 1.
Mean EMG responses during 100‐ms intervals of the dynamic phase of emotional facial expressions
| Interval (ms) | 0–100 | 100–200 | 200–300 | 300–400 | 400–500 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zygomaticus response to happy face | |||||
| CU+ (% baseline) | 102.9 | 105.0 | 107.0 | 99.6 | 102.6 |
| CU− (% baseline) | 108.9 | 110.4 | 122.7 | 123.7 | 127.6 |
| NC (% baseline) | 99.9 | 101.8 | 118.7 | 121.9 | 120.5 |
| CU+ vs. CU− | t 29 = −1.33 + d = 0.29 | t 27 = −0.72 d = 0.28 | t 27 = −2.10* d = 0.81 | t 18 = −1.92* d = 0.91 | t 41 = −1.75* d = 0.55 |
| CU+ vs. NC | t 19 = 1.05 d = 0.48 | t 44 = 0.76 d = 0.48 | t 38 = −1.97* d = 0.64 | t 44 = −3.29*** d = 0.99 | t 41 = −2.74** d = 0.86 |
| CU− vs. NC | t 20 = 2.46* d = 1.10 | t 20 = 1.30 d = 0.58 | t 18 = 0.24 d = 0.11 | t 24 = 0.13 d = 0.05 | t 21 = 0.47 d = 0.21 |
| Corrugator response to happy face | |||||
| CU+ (% baseline) | 105.85 | 97.97 | 93.89 | 89.38 | 92.98 |
| CU− (% baseline) | 100.62 | 97.03 | 90.38 | 85.22 | 86.08 |
| NC (% baseline) | 102.00 | 97.82 | 92.07 | 86.76 | 87.70 |
| CU+ vs. CU− | t 29 = 1.71* d = 0.64 | t 41 = 0.37 d = 0.12 | t 29 = 1.22 d = 0.45 | t 29 = 1.42 + d = 0.53 | t 41 = 2.18* d = 0.68 |
| CU+ vs. NC | t 44 = 1.79* d = 0.54 | t 44 = 0.06 d = 0.02 | t 44 = 0.59 d = 0.18 | t 44 = 0.88 d = 0.27 | t 44 = 1.74* d = 0.52 |
| CU− vs. NC | t 24 = −0.58 d = 0.24 | t 47 = −0.31 d = 0.09 | t 47 = −0.63 d = 0.12 | t 47 = −0.55 d = 0.16 | t 47 = −0.53 d = 0.15 |
| Corrugator response to angry face | |||||
| CU+ (% baseline) | 101.69 | 104.40 | 105.44 | 105.66 | 111.20 |
| CU− (% baseline) | 105.85 | 115.65 | 129.55 | 123.29 | 121.19 |
| NC (% baseline) | 104.94 | 110.03 | 128.35 | 136.25 | 130.30 |
| CU+ vs. CU− | t 29 = −1.16 d = 0.43 | t 21 = −1.95* d = 0.85 | t 24 = −2.79** d = 1.14 | t 23 = −2.36* d = 0.98 | t 26 = −1.36 + d = 0.53 |
| CU+ vs. NC | t 44 = −1.39 + d = 0 42 | t 41 = −1.67 + d = 0.52 | t 42 = −3.52*** d = 1.09 | t 39 = −3.39*** d = 1.09 | t 43 = −2.38* d = 0.73 |
| CU− vs. NC | t 23 = 0.31 d = 0.13 | t 24 = 0.95 d = 0.39 | t 47 = 0.14 d = 0.04 | t 46 = −1.20 d = 0.35 | t 45 = −0.97 d = 0.29 |
| Corrugator response to sad face | |||||
| CU+ (% baseline) | 99.98 | 99.68 | 102.75 | 107.12 | 102.35 |
| CU− (% baseline) | 108.09 | 120.89 | 122.55 | 126.35 | 122.22 |
| NC (% baseline) | 101.86 | 104.24 | 106.57 | 117.74 | 119.20 |
| CU+ vs. CU− | t 20 = −1.29 d = 0.58 | t 19 = −2.96** d = 1.36 | t 20 = −2.10* d = 0.94 | t 20 = −1.75* d = 0.78 | t 18 = −2.38* d = 1.12 |
| CU+ vs. NC | t 44 = −0.80 d = 0.24 | t 38 = −1.59 + d = 0.52 | t 44 = −0.86 d = 0.26 | t 44 = −2.00* d = 0.60 | t 44 = −3.94*** d = 1.19 |
| CU− vs. NC | t 17 = 1.04 d = 0.50 | t 19 = 2.31* d = 1.06 | t 19 = 1.74* d = 0.80 | t 19 = 0.79 d = 0.36 | t 23 = 0.34 d = 0.14 |
| Frontalis response to sad face | |||||
| CU+ (% baseline) | 100.31 | 105.36 | 104.53 | 103.69 | 111.80 |
| CU− (% baseline) | 103.99 | 116.78 | 117.62 | 119.65 | 117.10 |
| NC (% baseline) | 100.58 | 103.59 | 102.73 | 105.87 | 103.62 |
| CU+ vs. CU− | t 27 = −1.14 d = 0.44 | t 29 = −2.54** d = 0.94 | t 29 = −2.67** d = 0.99 | t 29 = −2.80** d = 1.04 | t 29 = −1.00 d = 0.37 |
| CU+ vs. NC | t 44 = −0.10 d = 0.03 | t 44 = 0.49 d = 0.15 | t 44 = 0.49 d = 0.15 | t 44 = −0.52 d = 0.16 | t 44 = 1.89 d = 0.57 |
| CU− vs. NC | t 47 = 1.12 d = 0.33 | t 47 = 3.52*** d = 1.03 | t 41 = 3.92*** d = 1.22 | t 47 = 3.25** d = 0.95 | t 18 = 1.43 d = 0.67 |
| Corrugator response to fearful face | |||||
| CU+ (% baseline) | 100.78 | 99.01 | 101.44 | 105.48 | 105.69 |
| CU− (% baseline) | 108.33 | 104.25 | 104.53 | 112.37 | 115.24 |
| NC (% baseline) | 109.34 | 114.98 | 104.77 | 104.54 | 101.28 |
| CU+ vs. CU− | t 21 = −1.87* d = 0.82 | t 29 = −1.26 d = 0.47 | t 29 = −0.77 d = 0.29 | t 23 = −1.30 d = 0.54 | t 27 = −1.38 + d = 0.53 |
| CU+ vs. NC | t 39 = −3.81*** d = 1.22 | t 42 = −4.24*** d = 1.31 | t 44 = −0.72 d = 0.22 | t 44 = 0.22 d = 0.07 | t 41 = 0.90 d = 0.28 |
| CU− vs. NC | t 22 = −0.25 d = 0.11 | t 47 = −2.31* d = 0.67 | t 47 = −0.05 d = 0.01 | t 47 = 1.27 d = 0.37 | t 24 = 2.17* d = 0.89 |
| Frontalis response to fearful face | |||||
| CU+ (% baseline) | 105.70 | 105.07 | 101.58 | 104.61 | 108.43 |
| CU− (% baseline) | 107.45 | 109.50 | 106.39 | 114.69 | 119.00 |
| NC (% baseline) | 107.78 | 111.55 | 108.05 | 107.54 | 108.50 |
| CU+ vs. CU− | t 22 = −0.26 d = 0.11 | t 17 = −0.76 d = 0.37 | t 29 = −1.81* d = 0.67 | t 29 = −2.96** d = 1.10 | t 29 = −2.07* d = 0.77 |
| CU+ vs. NC | t 44 = −0.44 d = 0.13 | t 36 = −1.67 d = 0.56 | t 44 = −2.49** d = 0.75 | t 44 = −0.97 d = 0.29 | t 44 = −0.02 d = 0.01 |
| CU− vs. NC | t 23 = −0.05 d = 0.02 | t 47 = −0.31 d = 0.09 | t 47 = −0.64 d = 0.19 | t 47 = 2.28* d = 0.67 | t 19 = 1.25 d = 0.57 |
+
p < .10;
*
p < .05;
**
p < .01;
***
p <. 001.