Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies on the impact of COVID-19 and related restrictive measures on nursing home residents
| Authors, publication year | Country | Study design | Study period | NH (n) | Residents (n) | Data collection methoda | Impact type | Health outcomeb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abrams et al. 2020 [45] | USA | Cross-sectional study | March-April 2020 | 9,395 | Database | Physical | Infection | |
| Beilenson, 2020 [30] | USA | Case series | April 2020 | 1 | 39 | Swabs | Physical | Infection |
| Belmin et al., 2020 [44] | France | Retrospective cohort study | March-May 2020 | 17 (self-confinement) 9,513 (national survey) |
1,250 (self-confinement) 695,060 (national survey) |
Swabs | Physical | Infection, mortality |
| Bernabeu-Wittel et al., 2020 [46] | Spain | Non-randomised controlled trial | April 2020 | 4 | 457 | Swabs, serological blood tests | Physical | Infection, symptoms, complications, survival |
| Bielza et al., 2020 [47] | Spain | Retrospective cohort study | March-June 2020 | 55 | 630 | Swabs | Physical | Infection, mortality, mortality risk, symptoms |
| Blain et al., 2020 [31] | France | Prospective cohort study | March 2020 | 1 | 79 | Swabs | Physical | Infection, symptoms |
| Blain et al., 2020 [32] | France | Prospective cohort study | March 2020 | 1 | 79 | Swabs | Physical | Symptoms |
| Braun et al., 2020 [48] | USA | Cross-sectional study | May-July 2020 | 11,470 | Databases | Physical, other | Infection, mortality, staff shortages | |
| Brouns et al., 2020 [49] | The Netherlands | Retrospective case series | March-May 2020 | 14 | 101 | Swabs, electronic health records | Physical | Mortality |
| Brown et al., 2020 [7] | Canada | Retrospective cohort study | March-May 2020 | 618 | 78,607 | Databases, Swabs | Physical | Infection, mortality |
| Buntinx et al., 2020 [36] | Belgium | Case series | March-April 2020 | 1 | 119 | Swabs, serological blood tests | Physical | Infection |
| Burton et al., 2020 [50] | UK | Prospective cohort study | March-August 2020 | 189 | 5,227 | Electronic health records | Physical | Infection, mortality |
| Carta et al., 2020 [33] | Italy | Prospective cohort study | March-April 2020 | 1 | 65 | Swabs, serological blood testing | Physical | Infection, mortality |
| Collison et al., 2020 [37] | USA | Cross-sectional study | April 2020 | 1 | 120 | Swabs | Physical | Infection |
| Dini et al., 2020 [51] | Italy | Cross-sectional study | April-May 2020 | 12 | 150 | Swabs, lung ultrasound | Physical | Infection, symptoms |
| Dora et al., 2020 [40] | USA | Prospective cohort study | March-June 2020 | 1 | 150 | Swabs, serological blood tests, provider notes | Physical | Infection, symptoms |
| Echeverria et al., 2020 [52] | Spain | Prospective cohort study | April 2020 | 169 | 10,347 | Swabs, CovidApp | Physical | Infection, symptoms,, mortaility |
| Eckardt et al., 2020 [38] | USA | Cross-sectional study | April-May 2020 | 1 | 120 | Swabs | Physical | Infection |
| El Haj et al., 2020 [53] | France | Cross-sectional study | - | - | 58 | Survey | Psychological | Mental health |
| Escobar et al., 2020 [34] | USA | Case series | March-April 2020 | 1 | 84 | Swabs | Physical | Infection |
| Feaster & Goh, 2020 [54] | USA | Prevalence study | April 2020 | 9 | 582 | Swabs, electronic health records, case reports, facility records | Physical | Infection |
| Fischer, 2020 [29] | USA | Observational case series | April-June 2020 | 1 | 38 | Swabs, electronic medical records | Physical | Viral shedding, case duration, mortality, risk of clinical deterioration |
| Fisman et al., 2020 [25] | Canada | Cohort study | March-April 2020 | 627 | 79,498 | Database | Physical | Infection, mortality |
| Girolamo et al., 2020 [55] | Italy |
1. Prevalence study 2. Retrospective cohort study |
February-April 2020 |
1. 3,276 2. 162 |
1. 80,131 2. 16,000 |
1. Databases 2. Database |
Physical |
1. Mortality 2. Observed/ expected mortality ratio |
| Graham et al., 2020 [56] | UK | Prevalence study | March-May 2020 | 4 | 394 | Swabs, clinical and demographic data collection | Physical | Infection, symptoms, mortality |
| Graham et al., 2020 [57] | UK | Outbreak investigation | June 2020 | 4 | 173 | Serological blood tests | Physical | Infection |
| He et al., 2020 [58] | USA | Cross-sectional study | June 2020 | 1223 | n/a | Database | Physical | Infection, mortality |
| Heudorf et al., 2020 [59] | Germany | Case studies | March-April 2020 | 40 | 116 | Database | Physical | Infection, mortality |
| Hollinghurst et al., 2020 [60] | UK | Cross-sectional cohort study | March-June 2020 | 544 | 12,568 | Electronic health records, database | Physical | Mortality |
| Kennelly et al., 2020 [61] | UK | Cross-sectional study | February-May 2020 | 28 | 2,043 | Survey | Physical | Outbreak (nursing home level), infection, mortality, case-fatality rate, recovery |
| Kittang et al., 2020 [62] | Norway | Retrospective observational study | March-April 2020 | 3 | 115 | Swabs | Physical | Asymptomatic during diagnosis, symptoms, mortality, recovery, hospitalization |
| Ladhani et al., 2020 [63] | UK | Cohort study | March-April 2020 | 6 | 264 | Swabs, staff recorded symptoms, care home data | Physical | Infection, hospitalization, mortality, CT values, recovery |
| Ladhani et al., 2020 [64] | UK | Prospective cohort study | November 2020 | 6 | 186 | Swabs, serological blood test | Physical | Infection |
| Li et al., 2020 [43] | USA | Cross-sectional cohort study | May 2020 | 12,576 | - | Databases, number of cases and deaths as publishes by New York Times | Physical | Infection, mortality |
| Li et al., 2020 [65] | USA | Cross-sectional cohort study | Up to April 2020 | 215 | - | Databases, number of cases and deaths as publishes by New York Times | Physical | Infection, mortality |
| Lipsitz et al., 2020 [66] | USA | Longitudinal cohort study | May-July 2020 | 360 | - | Nursing home audits, nursing facility reports | Physical | Infection, hospitalization, mortality |
| Louie et al., 2020 [67] | USA | Cross-sectional study | March-April 2020 | 4 | - | Swabs | Physical | Infection, hospitalization, mortality |
| Ly et al., 2020 [68] | France | Cross-sectional study | March-June 2020 | 83 | 1,691 | Electronic health records, interviews | Physical | Infection, mortality |
| Marossy et al., 2020 [69] | UK | Cross-sectional study | May 2020 | 37 | 1,034 | Swabs | Physical | Infection, symptoms, CT values |
| Martinchek et al., 2020 [41] | USA | Retrospective chart review | March-May 2020 | 1 | 209 | Electronic medical record, swabs | Physical | Weight loss |
| Mas Romero et al., 2020 [70] | Spain | Cross-sectional study | March-April 2020 | 6 | 1,260 | Interviews, electronic medical records | Physical, other | Mortality |
| Matias-Guiu et al., 2020 [71] | Spain | Case series | May-June 2020 | - | 25 | Electronic health records | Physical | Infection, mortality, symptoms, hospitalization |
| McArthur et al., 2020 [22] | Canada | Retrospective chart review | January 2017 - June 2020 | 7 | 765 | Electronic health records | Psycho-logical, behavioural | Depression, delirium and behavioural problems |
| McConeghy et al., 2020 [72] | USA | Retrospective cohort study | February-June 2020 | 416 | 4,669 | Electronic health records | Physical | Infection, temperature changes |
| McMichael et al., 2020 [73] | USA |
1. Case series 2. Cross-sectional study |
February-March 2020 |
1. 1 2. 100 |
101 |
1. Databases, swabs, diagnostic testing, interviews 2. Survey |
Physical |
1. Infection, mortality, chronic underlying conditions 2. Factors contributing to vulnerability of infections |
| Montoya et al., 2020 [74] | USA | Retrospective cohort study | March-April 2020 | 3 | 215 | Electronic health records, swabs | Physical | infection, mortality, symptoms, co-morbidities, hospitalization |
| Österdahl et al., 2020 [28] | USA | Observational study | February-March 2020 | 1 | 21 | Swabs | Physical | Infection, symptoms, mortality |
| Park et al., 2020 [26] | South Korea | Case series | March 2020 | 3 | 596 | Swabs, databases | Physical | Infection, symptoms, mortality |
| Patel et al., 2020 [39] | USA | Prospective cohort study | March 2020 | 1 | 126 | Swabs, interviews with residents, electronic health records | Physical | infection, symptoms, hospitalization, mortality |
| Rawle et al., 2020 [75] | UK | Retrospective cohort study | March-April 2020 | - | 64 | Electronic health records | Physical | Symptoms, mortality |
| Rudolph et al., 2020 [76] | USA | Cohort study | March-May 2020 | 134 | 7,325 | Electronic health records | Physical | Infection, symptoms, temperature |
| Rutten et al., 2020 [77] | The Netherlands | Prospective cohort study | March-May 2020 | - | 4,007 | Swabs, electronic health records | Physical | Mortality, symptoms, risk factors for mortality |
| Sacco et al., 2020 [35] | France | Retrospective cohort study | March-April 2020 | 1 | 87 | Electronic health records | Physical |
Infection, mortality, attack rate, symptoms |
| Shi et al., 2020 [42] | USA | Retrospective cohort study | March-May 2020 | 1 | 389 | Electronic health records, minimum data set | Physical | Mortality, infection, symptoms |
| Stall et al., 2020 [23] | Canada | Retrospective cohort study | March-May 2020 | 623 | 75,676 | Electronic health records | Physical | Number of outbreaks, infection, mortality |
| Strang et al., 2020 [78] | Sweden | Observational study | March-April 2020 | - | 253 | Electronic health records | Physical | Mortality, symptoms |
| Tang et al., 2020 [79] | USA | Retrospective cohort study | March-June 2020 | 15 | 1,970 | Electronic health records | Physical | Infection, symptoms, mortality, hospitalization |
| Wang et al., 2020 [24] | Canada | Prospective cohort study | January-May 2020 | - | 28,316 | Databases | Physical | Proportion of people tested, infection, mortality |
| Ward et al., 2020 [27] | USA | Case series | - | 1 | 4 | Swabs, electronic health records, interviews | Physical, psychological | Infection, mental health, confusion |
| Ye et al., 2020 [80] | USA | Retrospective chart review | April-May2020 | 15 | 963 | Advanced Care Planning conversations | Other | Code status, goals of care |
NH nursing home, CT cycle threshold
aOnly data collected methods among residents are reported
bOnly health outcomes among residents are reported