FIGURE 2.

Results from meta‐analyses of experimental (blue background and text) and correlational (green and orange backgrounds and text) studies. Each dot represents the average R estimate for each factor obtained after transforming averaged standardized effect sizes (Fisher's Z for correlational data and Hedges’ g for experimental data) with n, k, and s referring to the number of papers, number of effect sizes and number of participants, respectively. Horizontal lines indicate the 95% confidence intervals for each factor and cross the vertical dot lines when nonsignificant (i.e., environmental education in experimental studies). Single‐headed arrows refer to causal relationships while double‐headed arrows refer to correlational links. Overall R estimates from each broad category are in bold. Details are provided in Methods, Appendix 5, Tables S2–S4, and Figure S4. Experimental studies show that exposure to nature and mindfulness practices improve HNC. Correlational studies confirmed experimental studies and show that HNC is positively linked to nature conservation and human welfare and negatively linked to nonenvironmental values. **p < 0.001; ***p < 0.0001